35. Menene turbidity na ruwa?
Rushewar ruwa alama ce ta isar da haske na samfuran ruwa.Sakamakon ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin halitta da sauran abubuwan da aka dakatar da su kamar su sediment, yumbu, microorganisms da sauran abubuwan da aka dakatar da su a cikin ruwa wanda ke haifar da hasken da ke wucewa ta cikin samfurin ruwa don warwatse ko sha.Sakamakon shiga kai tsaye, matakin toshewa zuwa watsa wani takamaiman tushen haske lokacin da kowace lita na ruwa mai narkewa ya ƙunshi 1 MG SiO2 (ko diatomaceous ƙasa) gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa azaman ma'aunin turbidity, wanda ake kira digiri na Jackson, wanda aka bayyana a cikin JTU.
Ana yin mita turbidity bisa ka'idar cewa dakatar da ƙazanta a cikin ruwa yana da tasirin watsawa akan haske.Matsakaicin da aka auna shi ne naúrar turbidity mai watsawa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin NTU.Turbidity na ruwa ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa ba, har ma yana da alaƙa da girma, siffa, da kaddarorin waɗannan barbashi.
Babban turbidity na ruwa ba kawai yana ƙara yawan adadin ƙwayoyin cuta ba, amma kuma yana rinjayar tasirin disinfection.Rage turbidity sau da yawa yana nufin rage abubuwa masu cutarwa, kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa.Lokacin da turbidity na ruwa ya kai 10 digiri, mutane za su iya gaya cewa ruwan ne turbid.
36. Menene hanyoyin auna turbidity?
Hanyoyin auna turbidity da aka ƙayyade a daidaitattun GB13200-1991 sun haɗa da spectrophotometry da launi na gani.Sashin sakamakon waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu shine JTU.Bugu da ƙari, akwai hanyar da za a iya amfani da kayan aiki don auna turbidity na ruwa ta amfani da tasirin watsawa na haske.Naúrar sakamakon da aka auna ta ma'aunin turbidity shine NTU.Hanya na spectrophotometric ya dace da gano ruwan sha, ruwa na halitta da ruwa mai yawa, tare da iyakar ganowa na 3 digiri;Hanyar launi na gani ya dace don gano ƙananan ruwa mai turbidity kamar ruwan sha da ruwa mai tushe, tare da iyakar ganowa na 1 Kushewa.A lokacin da gwajin turbidity a cikin na biyu sedimentation na tanki mai zubar da ruwa ko ci-gaba mai zubar da jini a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin gano biyu na farko;a lokacin da gwajin turbidity a kan zub da jini na najasa magani shuka da kuma bututun na ci-gaba da jiyya tsarin, shi ne sau da yawa zama dole shigar online Turbidimeter.
Tushen ƙa'idar mitar turbidity ta kan layi ɗaya ce da ta na ma'aunin sludge na gani.Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin su biyun shine cewa ma'aunin SS da aka auna ta hanyar mitar maida hankali yana da girma, don haka yana amfani da ka'idar ɗaukar haske, yayin da SS da aka auna ta mita turbidity ya ragu.Sabili da haka, ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar watsawa ta haske da auna ma'auni na rarrabawar hasken da ke wucewa ta cikin ruwan da aka auna, za'a iya yin la'akari da turbidity na ruwa.
Turbidity shine sakamakon hulɗar da ke tsakanin haske da ƙaƙƙarfan barbashi a cikin ruwa.Girman turbidity yana da alaƙa da abubuwa kamar girman da siffa na barbashi na ƙazanta a cikin ruwa da ma'anar refractive na haske.Saboda haka, lokacin da abun ciki na daskararru da aka dakatar a cikin ruwa ya yi girma, gabaɗaya turɓayar sa kuma ta fi girma, amma babu alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin su biyun.Wani lokaci abubuwan daskararrun da aka dakatar iri ɗaya ne, amma saboda kaddarorin daban-daban na daskararrun da aka dakatar, ƙimar turbidity da aka auna sun bambanta sosai.Saboda haka, idan ruwan ya ƙunshi da yawa da aka dakatar da ƙazanta, ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyar auna SS don nuna daidai girman gurɓataccen ruwa ko ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta.
Duk kayan gilashin da ke hulɗa da samfuran ruwa dole ne a tsaftace su da hydrochloric acid ko surfactant.Samfurori na ruwa don ma'aunin turbidity dole ne su kasance marasa tarkace da sauƙi mai sauƙi, kuma dole ne a tattara su a cikin kwalabe na gilashin da aka dakatar kuma a auna su da wuri-wuri bayan samfurin.A cikin yanayi na musamman, ana iya adana shi a wuri mai duhu a zafin jiki na 4 ° C na ɗan gajeren lokaci, har zuwa sa'o'i 24, kuma yana buƙatar girgiza da karfi da kuma mayar da shi zuwa dakin zafin jiki kafin auna.
37.Menene kalar ruwa?
chromaticity na ruwa shine fihirisa da aka kayyade lokacin auna launin ruwa.Halin chromaticity da ake magana a kai a cikin nazarin ingancin ruwa yawanci yana nufin ainihin launi na ruwa, wato, kawai yana nufin launi da abubuwan da aka narkar da su a cikin samfurin ruwa.Don haka, kafin aunawa, ana buƙatar bayyana samfurin ruwa, a ɗaure shi, ko tacewa tare da membrane tace 0.45 μm don cire SS, amma ba za a iya amfani da takarda mai tacewa ba saboda takarda mai tacewa na iya ɗaukar ɓangaren launin ruwan.
Sakamakon da aka auna akan samfurin asali ba tare da tacewa ba ko centrifugation shine launi na fili na ruwa, wato, launi da aka samar ta hanyar haɗuwa da narkar da kwayoyin da aka dakatar da su.Gabaɗaya, ba za a iya auna launin ruwan da ke bayyana da ƙididdigewa ta amfani da hanyar launi na platinum-cobalt wanda ke auna ainihin launi ba.Halaye irin su zurfin, launi, da bayyanawa galibi ana bayyana su cikin kalmomi, sannan a auna su ta hanyar amfani da hanyar sinadarai.Sakamakon da aka auna ta amfani da hanyar launi mai launi na platinum-cobalt sau da yawa ba sa kamanta da ƙimar launi da aka auna ta amfani da hanyar dilution mahara.
38. Menene hanyoyin auna launi?
Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu don auna launi: platinum-cobalt colorimetry da dilution mahara hanya (GB11903-1989).Ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyoyin guda biyu da kansu, kuma sakamakon da aka auna gabaɗaya ba ya misaltuwa.Hanyar launi na platinum-cobalt ta dace da ruwa mai tsafta, ruwa mai gurɓataccen ruwa da ruwan rawaya kaɗan, da kuma ruwan saman ƙasa mai tsafta, ruwan ƙasa, ruwan sha da ruwan da aka kwato, da kuma sake amfani da ruwa bayan ingantaccen najasa.Ruwan sharar masana'antu da gurɓataccen ruwan saman gabaɗaya suna amfani da hanyar dilution da yawa don tantance launinsu.
Hanyar launi mai launi na platinum-cobalt tana ɗaukar launi na 1 MG na Pt (IV) da 2 MG na cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate a cikin 1 L na ruwa a matsayin daidaitaccen launi guda ɗaya, wanda ake kira 1 digiri.Hanyar shiri na 1 daidaitaccen naúrar launi shine ƙara 0.491mgK2PtCl6 da 2.00mgCoCl2?6H2O zuwa 1L na ruwa, wanda kuma aka sani da platinum da ma'aunin cobalt.Ƙirƙirar ma'auni na platinum da cobalt na iya samun daidaitattun raka'a masu launi masu yawa.Tunda potassium chlorocobaltate yana da tsada, K2Cr2O7 da CoSO4?7H2O ana amfani da su gabaɗaya don shirya madaidaicin ma'auni mai launi mai ma'ana a cikin wani yanki da matakan aiki.Lokacin auna launi, kwatanta samfurin ruwan da za a auna tare da jerin daidaitattun mafita na launi daban-daban don samun launi na samfurin ruwa.
Hanyar hanyar dilution factor ita ce a tsoma samfurin ruwa tare da tsaftataccen ruwa mai tsafta har sai ya yi kusan rashin launi sannan a matsar da shi cikin bututu mai launi.Ana kwatanta zurfin launi tare da na tsaftataccen ruwa mai tsafta na tsayin ginshiƙin ruwa iri ɗaya akan farin bango.Idan aka sami wani bambanci, sake tsarma shi har sai lokacin da ba za a iya gano launi ba, ma'anar dilution na samfurin ruwa a wannan lokaci shine darajar da ke nuna girman launi na ruwa, kuma naúrar shine lokuta.
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-19-2023
