46.What is narkar da oxygen?
Narkar da iskar oxygen DO (taƙaice don Narkar da Oxygen a Turanci) yana wakiltar adadin iskar oxygen da aka narkar a cikin ruwa, kuma sashin shine mg/L.Cikakken abun ciki na narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa yana da alaƙa da zafin ruwa, matsa lamba na yanayi da sinadarai na ruwa.A wani matsa lamba na yanayi, abin da ke cikin oxygen lokacin da aka narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa mai narkewa ya kai jikewa a 0oC shine 14.62mg/L, kuma a 20oC shine 9.17mg/L.Ƙara yawan zafin jiki na ruwa, haɓakar abun ciki na gishiri, ko raguwa a cikin matsa lamba na yanayi zai haifar da narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa don ragewa.
Narkar da iskar oxygen abu ne mai mahimmanci don rayuwa da haifuwar kifaye da kwayoyin cutar aerobic.Idan narkar da iskar oxygen ta ƙasa da 4mg/L, zai yi wahala kifi ya rayu.Lokacin da ruwa ya gurɓata da kwayoyin halitta, oxidation na kwayoyin halitta ta kwayoyin halitta na aerobic zasu cinye narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa.Idan ba za a iya cika shi daga iska a cikin lokaci ba, narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa zai ragu a hankali har sai ya kusa 0, yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan ƙwayoyin anaerobic don ninka.Maida ruwan baki da wari.
47. Wadanne hanyoyi ake amfani da su don auna narkar da iskar oxygen?
Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu da ake amfani da su don auna narkar da iskar oxygen, ɗaya ita ce hanyar iodometric da hanyar gyara ta (GB 7489-87), ɗayan kuma ita ce hanyar bincike ta lantarki (GB11913-89).Hanyar iodometric ta dace don auna samfuran ruwa tare da narkar da iskar oxygen sama da 0.2 mg/L.Gabaɗaya, hanyar iodometric ta dace kawai don auna narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa mai tsabta.Lokacin auna narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwan sharar masana'antu ko matakai daban-daban na masana'antar sarrafa najasa, dole ne a yi amfani da ingantaccen iodine.Hanyar ƙididdigewa ko hanyar electrochemical.Ƙananan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun hanyar binciken electrochemical yana da alaƙa da kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su.Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'a) ma'ana suna da hanyar da ake amfani da su.Gabaɗaya sun dace don auna samfuran ruwa tare da narkar da iskar oxygen sama da 0.1mg/L.Mitar DO ta kan layi da aka girka kuma ana amfani da ita a cikin tankuna na iska da sauran wurare a cikin tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa suna amfani da hanyar lantarki ta membrane ko hanyar lantarki mara ƙarancin membrane.
Babban ka'idar hanyar iodometric ita ce ƙara manganese sulfate da alkaline potassium iodide zuwa samfurin ruwa.Narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa yana oxidizes ƙarancin manganese zuwa babban manganese mai daraja, yana haifar da hazo mai launin ruwan kasa na tetravalent manganese hydroxide.Bayan ƙara acid, launin ruwan kasa ya narke kuma yana amsawa tare da ions iodide don samar da iodine kyauta, sannan kuma yayi amfani da sitaci a matsayin mai nuna alama kuma yana ƙaddamar da kyauta na iodine tare da sodium thiosulfate don ƙididdige abubuwan da ke cikin oxygen.
Lokacin da samfurin ruwa ya kasance mai launi ko ya ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta wanda zai iya amsawa tare da aidin, bai dace ba don amfani da hanyar iodometric da hanyar gyara shi don auna iskar oxygen da ke cikin ruwa.Madadin haka, ana iya amfani da na'urar lantarki ta fim mai ɗaukar iskar oxygen ko na'urar lantarki mai ƙarancin membrane don aunawa.Wutar lantarki mai saurin iskar oxygen ta ƙunshi na'urorin lantarki guda biyu na ƙarfe a cikin hulɗa tare da electrolyte mai goyan baya da kuma membrane mai ƙyalli na zaɓi.Membrane kawai zai iya wucewa ta oxygen da sauran iskar gas, amma ruwa da abubuwa masu narkewa a cikinsa ba za su iya wucewa ba.Oxygen da ke wucewa ta cikin membrane yana raguwa akan lantarki.Ana haifar da ƙarancin watsawa mai rauni, kuma girman halin yanzu ya yi daidai da narkar da abun ciki na iskar oxygen a wani zazzabi.Wutar lantarki mara fim ta ƙunshi cathode na musamman na azurfa da baƙin ƙarfe (ko zinc) anode.Ba ya amfani da fim ko electrolyte, kuma ba a ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki tsakanin sandunan biyu.Yana sadarwa ne kawai tare da sandunan biyu ta hanyar auna ma'aunin ruwa mai ruwa don samar da baturi na farko, kuma kwayoyin oxygen a cikin ruwa suna Ragewa kai tsaye a kan cathode, kuma raguwar da aka samu a halin yanzu yana daidai da abun ciki na oxygen a cikin maganin da ake aunawa. .
48. Me ya sa alamar iskar oxygen ta narkar da ɗaya daga cikin maɓalli na yau da kullun don aiki na yau da kullun na tsarin kula da kwayoyin halitta?
Tsayawa wani adadin narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa shine ainihin yanayin rayuwa da haifuwa na halittun ruwa na aerobic.Saboda haka, narkar da iskar oxygen alama ce kuma daya daga cikin key Manuniya ga al'ada aiki na najasa nazarin halittu tsarin.
Na'urar kula da halittun aerobic yana buƙatar narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa ya zama sama da 2 mg/L, kuma na'urar jiyya ta anaerobic tana buƙatar narkar da iskar oxygen ta zama ƙasa da 0.5 mg/L.Idan kana son shigar da matakin methanogenesis mai kyau, yana da kyau a sami iskar oxygen da za a iya ganowa (don 0), kuma lokacin da sashin A na tsarin A / O ya kasance a cikin yanayin anoxic, iskar oxygen ya fi dacewa 0.5 ~ 1mg / L. .Lokacin da zubar da ruwa daga tanki na biyu na hanyar ilimin halitta ya cancanta, narkar da iskar oxygen ta gabaɗaya bai wuce 1mg/L ba.Idan yayi kasa sosai (<0.5mg/L) ko babba (hanyar iskar iska>2mg/L), zai haifar da zubar da ruwa.Ingancin ruwa ya lalace ko ma ya wuce ma'auni.Don haka, ya kamata a ba da cikakkiyar kulawa don lura da narkar da abun ciki na iskar oxygen a cikin na'urar jiyya ta ilimin halitta da kuma zubar da tankin sa.
Iodometric titration bai dace da gwajin wurin ba, kuma ba za a iya amfani da shi don ci gaba da sa ido ba ko tantance narkar da iskar oxygen a wurin.A cikin ci gaba da lura da narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin tsarin kula da najasa, ana amfani da hanyar lantarki ta membrane a cikin hanyar lantarki.Domin ci gaba da fahimtar canje-canje a cikin DO na gaurayawan ruwa a cikin tankin iska yayin aikin jiyya na najasa a cikin ainihin lokaci, ana amfani da mitar DO na lantarki ta kan layi gabaɗaya.A lokaci guda, DO mita kuma wani muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin sarrafawa ta atomatik da tsarin daidaitawa na narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin tanki mai iska.Don daidaitawa da tsarin sarrafawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikinsa na yau da kullun.A lokaci guda kuma, yana da mahimmancin tushe ga masu aiwatar da tsari don daidaitawa da sarrafa aikin yau da kullun na jiyya na ƙwayoyin cuta na najasa.
49. Menene matakan kariya don auna narkar da iskar oxygen ta iodometric titration?
Ya kamata a ɗauki kulawa ta musamman lokacin tattara samfuran ruwa don auna narkar da iskar oxygen.Samfurori na ruwa kada su kasance cikin hulɗa da iska na dogon lokaci kuma kada a motsa su.Lokacin da ake yin samfura a cikin tankin tattara ruwa, yi amfani da kwalban iskar oxygen mai ƙunƙun bakin mai 300 ml, sannan a auna da rikodin zafin ruwan a lokaci guda.Bugu da ƙari kuma, lokacin amfani da titration na iodometric, ban da zaɓin takamaiman hanyar da za a kawar da tsangwama bayan samfurin, dole ne a rage lokacin ajiya kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma yana da kyau a bincika nan da nan.
Ta hanyar haɓakawa a cikin fasaha da kayan aiki kuma tare da taimakon kayan aiki, iodometric titration ya kasance mafi daidai kuma abin dogara hanyar titration don nazarin narkar da iskar oxygen.Don kawar da tasirin abubuwa daban-daban masu shiga tsakani a cikin samfuran ruwa, akwai takamaiman hanyoyi da yawa don gyara titration na iodometric.
Oxides, reductants, kwayoyin halitta, da dai sauransu da ke cikin samfuran ruwa zasu tsoma baki tare da iodometric titration.Wasu oxidants na iya rarraba iodide cikin aidin (tsangwama mai kyau), wasu masu ragewa na iya rage aidin zuwa iodide (tsangwama mara kyau).tsangwama), lokacin da oxidized manganese hazo ya zama acidified, mafi yawan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama wani bangare na oxidized, samar da munanan kurakurai.Hanyar gyaran gyare-gyare na azide na iya kawar da tsangwama na nitrite da kyau, kuma lokacin da samfurin ruwa ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙarfe mai mahimmanci, ana iya amfani da hanyar gyaran gyare-gyare na potassium permanganate don kawar da tsangwama.Lokacin da samfurin ruwa ya ƙunshi launi, algae, da daskararrun da aka dakatar, ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyar gyaran gyare-gyaren alum, kuma ana amfani da hanyar gyaran gyare-gyare na jan karfe sulfate-sulfamic acid don ƙayyade narkar da iskar oxygen na cakuda sludge da aka kunna.
50. Menene matakan kariya don auna narkar da iskar oxygen ta hanyar amfani da sikirin fim ɗin lantarki?
Lantarki na membrane ya ƙunshi cathode, anode, electrolyte da membrane.Wurin lantarki yana cike da maganin KCl.Membran yana raba electrolyte daga samfurin ruwa da za a auna, kuma iskar oxygen da aka narkar da ita ta ratsa ta yaduwa ta cikin membrane.Bayan da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki mai tsayayyen DC na 0.5 zuwa 1.0V tsakanin sandunan biyu, narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwan da aka auna ya wuce ta cikin fim kuma an rage shi akan cathode, yana haifar da yaduwar halin yanzu daidai da ƙwayar oxygen.
Fina-finan da aka fi amfani da su su ne polyethylene da fina-finan fluorocarbon waɗanda za su iya ba da damar ƙwayoyin oxygen su wuce kuma suna da kaddarorin da suka dace.Saboda fim ɗin na iya ratsa iskar gas iri-iri, wasu iskar gas (kamar H2S, SO2, CO2, NH3, da sauransu) suna kan na'urar lantarki.Ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne don ƙaddamarwa, wanda zai rage yawan hankali na lantarki kuma ya haifar da sabawa a cikin sakamakon aunawa.Man fetur da mai a cikin ruwa da aka auna da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tanki na iska sukan manne da membrane, yana da matukar tasiri ga daidaiton ma'auni, don haka ana buƙatar tsaftacewa da daidaitawa na yau da kullum.
Don haka, narkar da na'urorin lantarki na membrane da aka narkar da iskar oxygen da ake amfani da su a cikin tsarin kula da najasa dole ne a yi aiki da su daidai da hanyoyin daidaitawa na masana'anta, kuma ana buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai, gyare-gyare, gyaran electrolyte, da maye gurbin membrane na lantarki.Lokacin maye gurbin fim ɗin, dole ne ku yi shi a hankali.Da farko, dole ne ku hana gurɓata abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci.Na biyu, a mai da hankali kada ku bar ƙananan kumfa a ƙarƙashin fim ɗin.In ba haka ba, ragowar halin yanzu zai ƙaru kuma ya shafi sakamakon aunawa.Don tabbatar da cikakkun bayanai, ruwan ruwa a ma'aunin ma'aunin lantarki na membrane dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙayyadaddun tashin hankali, wato, maganin gwajin da ke wucewa ta fuskar membrane dole ne ya sami isasshen adadin ruwa.
Gabaɗaya, ana iya amfani da iska ko samfurori tare da sananniya na DO da samfurori ba tare da DO ba don daidaitawar sarrafawa.Tabbas, yana da kyau a yi amfani da samfurin ruwa a ƙarƙashin dubawa don daidaitawa.Bugu da kari, ya kamata a duba maki daya ko biyu akai-akai don tabbatar da bayanan gyaran zafin jiki.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-14-2023
