56. Menene hanyoyin auna man fetur?
Man fetur wani hadadden cakuda ne wanda ya hada da alkanes, cycloalkanes, hydrocarbons aromatic, hydrocarbons unsaturated da ƙananan adadin sulfur da nitrogen oxides.A cikin ma'auni na ingancin ruwa, an ƙayyade man fetur a matsayin mai nuna toxicological da kuma alamar tunanin ɗan adam don kare rayuwar ruwa, saboda abubuwan da ake amfani da su na man fetur suna da tasiri sosai ga rayuwar ruwa.Lokacin da abun ciki na man fetur a cikin ruwa ya kasance tsakanin 0.01 da 0.1mg/L, zai tsoma baki tare da ciyarwa da haifuwa na kwayoyin ruwa.Don haka, ma'aunin ingancin ruwan kamun kifi na kasata kada ya wuce 0.05 mg/L, ruwan ban ruwa na noma kuma kada ya wuce 5.0 mg/L, sannan matakin najasa na gaba daya kada ya wuce 10 mg/L.Gabaɗaya, abin da ke cikin man fetur na najasa yana shiga cikin tankin iska ba zai iya wuce 50mg/L ba.
Saboda hadadden abun da ke ciki da bambance-bambancen kaddarorin man fetur, haɗe tare da iyakancewa a hanyoyin nazari, yana da wahala a kafa ƙa'idar haɗin kai wanda ya dace da sassa daban-daban.Lokacin da abun ciki na mai a cikin ruwa shine> 10 mg / L, ana iya amfani da hanyar gravimetric don ƙaddara.Rashin lahani shine aikin yana da rikitarwa kuma mai sauƙi yana ɓacewa cikin sauƙi lokacin da ether ɗin man fetur ya ƙafe kuma ya bushe.Lokacin da abun ciki na mai a cikin ruwa shine 0.05 ~ 10 MG / L, ana iya amfani da photometry infrared mara rarraba, infrared spectrophotometry da ultraviolet spectrophotometry don aunawa.Infrared photometry marasa tarwatsawa da infrared photometry sune ma'auni na ƙasa don gwajin man fetur.(GB/T16488-1996).UV spectrophotometry ana amfani dashi galibi don bincikar hydrocarbons masu kamshi da masu guba.Yana nufin abubuwan da za'a iya fitar da su ta hanyar ether na man fetur kuma suna da halayen sha a takamaiman tsayin raƙuman ruwa.Ba ya haɗa da kowane nau'in mai.
57. Menene hattara don auna man fetur?
Wakilin hakar da ake amfani da shi ta hanyar watsawa infrared photometry da infrared photometry shine carbon tetrachloride ko trichlorotrifluoroethane, kuma wakilin hakar da ake amfani da shi ta hanyar gravimetric da ultraviolet spectrophotometry shine man fetur ether.Wadannan abubuwan hakowa suna da guba kuma dole ne a kula da su da taka tsantsan kuma a cikin hurumin hayaki.
Daidaitaccen mai yakamata ya zama ether na man fetur ko carbon tetrachloride cire daga najasa don a kula da shi.Wasu lokuta ana iya amfani da sauran samfuran man da aka sani, ko n-hexadecane, isooctane da benzene ana iya amfani da su gwargwadon rabon 65:25:10.An ƙirƙira ta hanyar ƙimar girma.Ether na man fetur da ake amfani da shi don fitar da daidaitaccen mai, zana madaidaicin madafan mai da aunawa samfuran ruwan sha ya kamata su kasance daga lamba iri ɗaya, in ba haka ba kurakurai na tsari zasu faru saboda ƙima daban-daban.
Ana buƙatar samfurin daban lokacin auna man.Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da kwalban gilashi mai faɗin baki don kwalaben samfur.Ba dole ba ne a yi amfani da kwalabe na filastik, kuma samfurin ruwa ba zai iya cika kwalbar samfurin ba, kuma ya kamata a sami gibi a kansa.Idan ba za a iya bincika samfurin ruwa a rana ɗaya ba, ana iya ƙara hydrochloric acid ko sulfuric acid don yin ƙimar pH.<2 to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and stored in a 4oc refrigerator. piston on separatory funnel cannot be coated with oily grease such as vaseline.
58. Menene ma'aunin ingancin ruwa ga karafa masu nauyi na gama gari da abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba masu guba da cutarwa?
Na kowa nauyi karafa da inorganic wadanda ba karfe mai guba da cutarwa abubuwa a cikin ruwa yafi sun hada da mercury, cadmium, chromium, gubar da sulfide, cyanide, fluoride, arsenic, selenium, da dai sauransu Wadannan ruwa ingancin Manuniya ne mai guba don tabbatar da lafiyar dan adam ko kare rayuwar ruwa. .alamun jiki.Ma'aunin zubar da ruwa na ƙasa (GB 8978-1996) yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idoji akan alamomin fitar da ruwan sha mai ɗauke da waɗannan abubuwan.
Ga masana'antun sarrafa najasa waɗanda ruwan da ke shigowa ya ƙunshi waɗannan abubuwa, abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan abubuwa masu guba da cutarwa a cikin ruwan da ke shigowa da magudanar ruwa na biyu dole ne a gwada su a hankali don tabbatar da cika ka'idodin fitarwa.Da zarar an gano cewa ruwan da ke shigowa ko magudanar ruwa ya zarce ma'auni, ya kamata a dauki matakan gaggawa don tabbatar da cewa magudanar ta kai ga ma'aunin da wuri da wuri ta hanyar karfafa aikin riga-kafi da daidaita ma'aunin aikin najasa.A cikin kula da najasa na sakandare na al'ada, sulfide da cyanide sune mafi yawan alamun ingancin ruwa na inorganic maras ƙarfe mai guba da abubuwa masu cutarwa.
59.Sulfide nawa ne a cikin ruwa?
Babban nau'ikan sulfur da ke wanzuwa a cikin ruwa sune sulfates, sulfides da sulfides.Daga cikin su, sulfide yana da nau'i uku: H2S, HS- da S2-.Adadin kowane nau'i yana da alaƙa da ƙimar pH na ruwa.Ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic Lokacin da ƙimar pH ta fi 8, galibi tana wanzuwa a cikin sigar H2S.Lokacin da ƙimar pH ta fi 8, galibi tana wanzuwa ta hanyar HS- da S2-.Gano sulfide a cikin ruwa sau da yawa yana nuna cewa an gurbata shi.Ruwan sharar da ake fitarwa daga wasu masana'antu, musamman tace man fetur, galibi yana dauke da adadin adadin sulfide.A karkashin aikin kwayoyin anaerobic, sulfate a cikin ruwa kuma za'a iya rage su zuwa sulfide.
Abubuwan da ke cikin sulfide na najasa daga sassan da suka dace na tsarin kula da najasa dole ne a yi nazari sosai don hana gubar hydrogen sulfide.Musamman ga mashigin ruwa da magudanar ruwa na sashin desulfurization na tsiri, abun cikin sulfide kai tsaye yana nuna tasirin sashin cirewa kuma alama ce ta sarrafawa.Don hana sulfide da yawa a cikin ruwa na halitta, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ruwa na ƙasa ya nuna cewa abun ciki na sulfide ba zai wuce 1.0mg/L ba.Lokacin amfani da aerobic sakandare magani na najasa, idan sulfide maida hankali a cikin ruwa mai shigowa ne kasa 20mg / L, da aiki Idan sludge yi yana da kyau da kuma sauran sludge da aka saki a cikin lokaci, da sulfide abun ciki a cikin sakandare sedimentation tank ruwa iya. isa ga misali.Dole ne a kula da abun ciki na sulfide na ƙazanta daga tanki na sakandare na biyu a kai a kai don lura da ko dacewar ya dace da ka'idoji da kuma ƙayyade yadda za a daidaita sigogin aiki.
60. Hanyoyi nawa ake amfani da su don gano abun ciki na sulfide a cikin ruwa?
Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su don gano abun ciki na sulfide a cikin ruwa sun hada da methylene blue spectrophotometry, p-amino N, N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry, iodometric method, ion electrode method, da dai sauransu.Hotometry (GB/T16489-1996) da kuma yanayin yanayin yanayin launi kai tsaye (GB/T17133-1997).Iyakar gano waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu sune 0.005mg/L da 0.004mg/l bi da bi.Lokacin da samfurin ruwa ba a diluted ba, A wannan yanayin, mafi girman adadin ganowa shine 0.7mg/L da 25mg/L bi da bi.Matsakaicin maida hankali na sulfide wanda aka auna ta p-amino N,N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry (CJ/T60-1999) shine 0.05 ~ 0.8mg/L.Saboda haka, hanyar spectrophotometry na sama ta dace kawai don gano ƙananan abun ciki na sulfide.Ruwa.Lokacin da maida hankali na sulfide a cikin ruwan datti ya yi girma, ana iya amfani da hanyar iodometric (HJ/T60-2000 da CJ/T60-1999).Matsakaicin ganowa na hanyar iodometric shine 1 ~ 200mg/L.
Lokacin da samfurin ruwa ya zama turbid, mai launi, ko ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu ragewa kamar SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, da thiothers, zai yi matukar tsoma baki tare da ma'auni kuma yana buƙatar kafin rabuwa don kawar da tsangwama.Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita kafin rabuwa ita ce acidification-stupping-absorption.DokaKa'idar ita ce bayan samfurin ruwa ya zama acidified, sulfide yana wanzuwa a cikin yanayin kwayoyin H2S a cikin maganin acidic, kuma ana busa shi da gas, sa'an nan kuma ya shafe ta da ruwa mai sha, sa'an nan kuma auna.
Hanya ta musamman ita ce fara ƙara EDTA zuwa samfurin ruwa zuwa hadaddun da daidaita yawancin ions na karfe (kamar Cu2 +, Hg2+, Ag +, Fe3 +) don kauce wa tsangwama da ke haifar da amsawa tsakanin waɗannan ions karfe da sulfide ions;Har ila yau, ƙara adadin da ya dace na hydroxylamine hydrochloride, wanda zai iya Ingantacciyar hana haɓakar haɓakar iskar shaka-raguwa tsakanin abubuwa masu oxidizing da sulfides a cikin samfuran ruwa.Lokacin busa H2S daga ruwa, ƙimar dawowa yana da girma sosai tare da motsawa fiye da ba tare da motsawa ba.Adadin dawo da sulfide zai iya kaiwa 100% ƙarƙashin motsawa na mintuna 15.Lokacin da lokacin tsiri a ƙarƙashin motsawa ya wuce minti 20, ƙimar dawowa yana raguwa kaɗan.Sabili da haka, ana yin tsiri a ƙarƙashin motsawa kuma lokacin cirewa shine minti 20.Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki na wanka ya kasance 35-55oC, ƙimar dawo da sulfide zai iya kaiwa 100%.Lokacin da zafin wanka na ruwa ya wuce 65oC, ƙimar dawo da sulfide yana raguwa kaɗan.Saboda haka, mafi kyawun zafin jiki na wanka na ruwa gabaɗaya ana zaɓar ya zama 35 zuwa 55oC.
61. Menene sauran matakan kariya don ƙaddara sulfide?
⑴ Saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali na sulfide a cikin ruwa, lokacin da ake tattara samfuran ruwa, ba za a iya motsa wurin samfurin ba ko tashin hankali.Bayan tattarawa, dole ne a ƙara maganin acetate na zinc a cikin lokaci don sanya shi dakatarwar zinc sulfide.Lokacin da samfurin ruwa ya kasance acidic, ya kamata a ƙara maganin alkaline don hana sakin hydrogen sulfide.Lokacin da samfurin ruwa ya cika, ya kamata a toshe kwalban kuma a aika zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje don bincike da wuri-wuri.
⑵ Komai hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don bincike, samfuran ruwa dole ne a riga an tsara su don kawar da tsangwama da inganta matakan ganowa.Kasancewar masu launi, daskararrun da aka dakatar, SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, thiothers da sauran abubuwa masu ragewa zasu shafi sakamakon bincike.Hanyoyin kawar da tsangwama na waɗannan abubuwa na iya amfani da rabuwar hazo, rabuwar iska, musayar ion, da dai sauransu.
⑶ Ruwan da ake amfani da shi don dilution da shirye-shiryen maganin reagent ba zai iya ƙunsar ions masu nauyi irin su Cu2+ da Hg2+ ba, in ba haka ba sakamakon binciken zai kasance ƙasa saboda haɓakar sulfide na acid-insoluble.Don haka, kar a yi amfani da ruwa mai tsafta da aka samo daga masu sarrafa ƙarfe.Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da ruwa mai tsabta.Ko distilled ruwa daga duk-gilashi har yanzu.
⑷Hakazalika, gano adadin karafa masu nauyi da ke ƙunshe a cikin maganin sha na zinc acetate shima zai shafi sakamakon aunawa.Za ka iya ƙara 1ml na sabon shiri na 0.05mol/L sodium sulfide bayani dropwise zuwa 1L na zinc acetate sha maganin a ƙarƙashin isasshen girgiza, kuma bar shi ya zauna dare., sannan a jujjuya a girgiza, sannan a tace da takarda tace mai kyau, sannan a jefar da tacewa.Wannan zai iya kawar da tsangwama na karafa masu nauyi a cikin maganin sha.
⑸ Sodium sulfide daidaitaccen bayani yana da matukar rashin kwanciyar hankali.Ƙarƙashin ƙaddamarwa, mafi sauƙi shine canzawa.Dole ne a shirya kuma a daidaita shi nan da nan kafin amfani.Fuskar kristal sodium sulfide da ake amfani da su don shirya daidaitaccen bayani sau da yawa ya ƙunshi sulfite, wanda ke haifar da kurakurai.Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da manyan lu'ulu'u masu girma da sauri a wanke su da ruwa don cire sulfite kafin auna.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-04-2023
