Mai zuwa shine gabatarwar hanyoyin gwajin:
1. Fasahar sa ido don gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta
Binciken gurɓataccen ruwa yana farawa da Hg, Cd, cyanide, phenol, Cr6+, da sauransu, kuma yawancin su ana auna su ta hanyar spectrophotometry.Yayin da aikin kare muhalli ke zurfafawa kuma ayyukan sa ido ke ci gaba da fadadawa, hankali da daidaiton hanyoyin bincike na spectrophotometric ba za su iya biyan bukatun kula da muhalli ba.Don haka, an ɓullo da kayan aikin bincike da dabaru daban-daban da suka ci gaba da matuƙar mahimmanci.
;
1.Atomic absorption da atomic fluorescence hanyoyin
Ƙunƙarar harshen wuta, shayar atomic na hydride, da graphite tanderu atom ɗin an ɓullo da su a jere, kuma suna iya ƙayyade mafi yawan abubuwan ƙarfe da abubuwan ganowa a cikin ruwa.
Kayan aikin walƙiya na atomic da aka haɓaka a ƙasata na iya auna mahaɗan abubuwa guda takwas lokaci guda, As, Sb, Bi, Ge, Sn, Se, Te, da Pb, cikin ruwa.Binciken waɗannan abubuwa masu haɗari na hydride yana da babban hankali da daidaito tare da ƙananan tsangwama na matrix.
;
2. Plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
Na'urar siginar kyamarorin ƙwayar cuta ta Plasma ta haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma an yi amfani da ita don ƙayyade lokaci guda na abubuwan matrix a cikin ruwa mai tsafta, karafa da ma'auni a cikin ruwan sharar gida, da abubuwa da yawa a cikin samfuran halitta.Hankalinsa da daidaito sun yi daidai da na hanyar sha atom ɗin harshen wuta, kuma yana da inganci sosai.Allura daya na iya auna abubuwa 10 zuwa 30 a lokaci guda.
;
3. Plasma emission spectrometry mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
Hanyar ICP-MS hanyar bincike ce ta taro ta amfani da ICP azaman tushen ionization.Hankalinsa shine umarni 2 zuwa 3 na girma sama da hanyar ICP-AES.Musamman lokacin auna abubuwa tare da adadi mai yawa sama da 100, hankalinsa ya fi iyakar ganowa.Ƙananan.Japan ta jera hanyar ICP-MS a matsayin daidaitaccen hanyar bincike don tantance Cr6+, Cu, Pb, da Cd cikin ruwa.;
;
4. Ion chromatography
Ion chromatography sabuwar fasaha ce don rarrabewa da auna ma'aunin anions da cations na kowa a cikin ruwa.Hanyar tana da zaɓi mai kyau da hankali.Ana iya auna abubuwa da yawa a lokaci guda tare da zaɓi ɗaya.Ana iya amfani da na'urar ganowa da kuma anion rabuwa shafi don ƙayyade F-, Cl-, Br-, SO32-, SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-;Za a iya amfani da ginshiƙin rabuwa na cation don ƙayyade NH4 +, K+, Na +, Ca2+, Mg2+, da dai sauransu, ta amfani da electrochemistry Mai ganowa zai iya auna I-, S2-, CN- da wasu kwayoyin halitta.
;
5. Spectrophotometry da fasahar nazarin allurar kwarara
Nazarin wasu halayen halayen chromogenic masu mahimmanci da zaɓaɓɓu don tantance ƙayyadaddun spectrophotometric na ions ƙarfe da ions waɗanda ba ƙarfe ba har yanzu suna jan hankali.Spectrophotometry ya mamaye babban rabo a cikin kulawa na yau da kullun.Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa hada wadannan hanyoyin da kwarara allura fasahar iya hade da yawa sinadaran ayyuka kamar distillation, hakar, ƙara daban-daban reagents, m girma girma girma girma da kuma auna.Fasahar bincike ce ta atomatik kuma ana amfani da ita sosai a dakunan gwaje-gwaje.Ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin tsarin sa ido ta atomatik akan layi don ingancin ruwa.Yana da abũbuwan amfãni daga m samfurin, high daidaici, azumi bincike gudun, da kuma ceto reagents, da dai sauransu, wanda zai iya 'yantar da masu aiki daga tedious jiki aiki, kamar auna NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, F-, CrO42-, Ca2+, da dai sauransu a ingancin ruwa.Akwai fasahar allura mai gudana.Mai ganowa ba zai iya amfani da spectrophotometry kawai ba, har ma da shayarwar atomic, ion selective electrodes, da dai sauransu.
;
6. Valence da sigar bincike
Abubuwan gurɓatawa suna wanzuwa ta nau'i daban-daban a cikin muhallin ruwa, kuma gubarsu ga halittun ruwa da kuma ɗan adam shima ya bambanta sosai.Misali, Cr6+ ya fi Cr3+ guba, As3+ ya fi As5+ guba, kuma HgCl2 ya fi HgS guba.Matsayin ingancin ruwa da saka idanu sun ƙayyade ƙayyadaddun jimlar mercury da alkyl mercury, chromium hexavalent da jimlar chromium, Fe3+ da Fe2+, NH4+-N, NO2-N da NO3-N.Wasu ayyukan kuma sun ƙayyade yanayin tacewa.da jimlar adadin ma'auni, da dai sauransu. A cikin bincike na muhalli, don fahimtar tsarin gurɓataccen ruwa da ƙaura da ƙa'idodin canji, ba wai kawai ya zama dole don nazarin da kuma nazarin yanayin adsorption na valence da kuma hadaddun yanayin abubuwan da ke cikin jiki ba, amma har ma don nazarin oxidation. da raguwa a cikin matsakaicin muhalli (kamar nitrosation na mahadi masu ɗauke da nitrogen)., nitrification ko denitrification, da dai sauransu) da kuma nazarin halittu methylation da sauran batutuwa.Karafa masu nauyi da ke wanzuwa a sigar kwayoyin halitta, kamar gubar alkyl, tin alkyl da sauransu, a halin yanzu suna samun kulawa sosai daga masana kimiyyar muhalli.Musamman, bayan tin triphenyl, tin tributyl, da dai sauransu an jera su azaman masu rushewar endocrine, sa ido kan karafa masu nauyi na fasaha na nazari yana haɓaka cikin sauri.
;
2. Fasahar sa ido don gurɓataccen yanayi
;
1. Kula da kwayoyin halitta masu amfani da iskar oxygen
Akwai cikakkun bayanai masu yawa waɗanda ke nuna gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar iskar oxygen-cinyewar kwayoyin halitta, irin su permanganate index, CODCR, BOD5 (har ila yau, ciki har da abubuwan rage inorganic kamar sulfide, NH4 + -N, NO2-N da NO3-N), jimlar kwayoyin halitta carbon (TOC), jimlar oxygen amfani (TOD).Ana amfani da waɗannan alamomi sau da yawa don sarrafa tasirin maganin ruwa da kimanta ingancin ruwan saman.Waɗannan alamomin suna da ƙayyadaddun alaƙa da juna, amma ma'anarsu ta zahiri sun bambanta kuma yana da wahala a maye gurbin juna.Saboda abun da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta masu amfani da iskar oxygen ya bambanta da ingancin ruwa, wannan daidaituwa ba a daidaita ba, amma ya bambanta sosai.Fasahar saka idanu don waɗannan alamomin sun girma, amma har yanzu mutane suna bincika fasahar bincike waɗanda zasu iya zama cikin sauri, mai sauƙi, ceton lokaci, da tsada.Misali, mitar COD mai sauri da firikwensin microbial m BOD mitar an riga an yi amfani da su.
;
2. Dabarun sa ido na nau'in gurɓataccen yanayi
Sa ido kan gurɓataccen yanayi galibi yana farawa ne daga sa ido kan nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi.Saboda kayan aiki yana da sauƙi, yana da sauƙi a yi a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na gaba ɗaya.A gefe guda, idan an sami manyan matsaloli a cikin sa ido na rukuni, za a iya yin ƙarin ganowa da nazarin wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta.Misali, a lokacin da ake lura da adsorbable halogenated hydrocarbons (AOX) da kuma gano cewa AOX ya zarce ma'auni, za mu iya ƙara yin amfani da GC-ECD don ƙarin bincike don nazarin abin da halogenated hydrocarbon mahadi ke gurɓata, yadda suke da guba, inda gurɓata ta fito, da dai sauransu. Abubuwan sa ido na gurɓataccen yanayi sun haɗa da: m phenols, nitrobenzene, anilines, ma'adinai mai, adsorbable hydrocarbons, da dai sauransu. Akwai daidaitattun hanyoyin nazari don waɗannan ayyukan.
;
3. Analysis of Organic pollutants
Ana iya raba nazarin gurɓataccen yanayi zuwa VOCs, S-VOCs bincike da kuma nazarin takamaiman mahadi.Ana amfani da hanyar tubewa da tarko GC-MS don auna mahaɗan ƙwayoyin halitta masu canzawa (VOCs), da hakar ruwa-ruwa ko hakar micro-solid-phase GC-MS ana amfani da su don auna ma'auni masu saurin canzawa (S-VOCs), wanda nazari ne mai fadi.Yi amfani da chromatography na iskar gas don raba, yi amfani da mai gano ionization na harshen wuta (FID), na'urar ganowa ta lantarki (ECD), mai gano phosphorus nitrogen (NPD), mai gano hoto (PID), da sauransu.Yi amfani da Chromatography na ruwa lokaci (HPLC), mai gano ultraviolet (UV) ko mai gano haske (RF) don tantance polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, acid esters, phenols, da sauransu.
;
4. Kulawa ta atomatik da fasahar saka idanu gabaɗaya
Tsarin kula da muhalli na ruwa mai inganci na atomatik sune galibi abubuwan kulawa na al'ada, kamar zafin ruwa, launi, maida hankali, narkar da oxygen, pH, conductivity, permanganate index, CODCR, jimlar nitrogen, jimlar phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, da dai sauransu. Kasarmu tana kafa ruwa ta atomatik. Tsarin kula da ingancin inganci a cikin wasu mahimman sassan ingancin ruwa na ƙasa da buga rahotanni ingancin ruwa na mako-mako a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ke da matukar mahimmanci don haɓaka ingancin ruwa.
A lokacin "tsarin shekaru biyar na tara" da "Shirin shekaru biyar na goma", ƙasata za ta sarrafa kuma ta rage yawan fitar da CODCr, mai ma'adinai, cyanide, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, chromium (VI), da gubar, kuma yana iya buƙatar ƙetare tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar da yawa.Ta hanyar yin ƙoƙari sosai don rage yawan fitar da ruwa a ƙasa da ƙarfin muhallin ruwa ne kawai za mu iya inganta yanayin ruwa tare da kawo shi cikin kyakkyawan yanayi.Don haka, ana buƙatar manyan kamfanoni masu gurbata muhalli don kafa daidaitattun wuraren sharar ruwa da tashoshi na auna magudanar ruwa, shigar da mita kwararar najasa da kayan aikin ci gaba da sa ido kan layi kamar CODCR, ammonia, mai ma'adinai, da pH don cimma nasarar sa ido na ainihin lokacin kwararar ruwan najasa da najasa. gurɓataccen taro.da kuma tabbatar da jimillar adadin gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka fitar.
;
5 Sa ido cikin gaggawa game da matsalolin gurɓacewar ruwa
Dubban hatsarurrukan gurbatar yanayi manya da kanana na faruwa a kowace shekara, wadanda ba wai kawai suna lalata muhalli da muhalli ba ne, har ma suna barazana ga rayuwar mutane da kaddarorinsu kai tsaye da zaman lafiyar al'umma (kamar yadda aka ambata a sama).Hanyoyin gano hatsarin gurɓatawa na gaggawa sun haɗa da:
① Hanyar kayan aiki mai sauri: kamar narkar da oxygen, mita pH, chromatograph gas mai ɗaukar nauyi, mita FTIR mai ɗaukar nauyi, da sauransu.
② Bututun ganowa da sauri da hanyar takarda: irin su bututun gano H2S (takardar gwaji), bututun gano saurin CODCr, bututun gano ƙarfe mai nauyi, da sauransu.
③Akan-site samfurin-binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje, da dai sauransu.
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-11-2024
