Menene hanyoyin kula da muhalli na najasa?

Menene hanyoyin kula da muhalli na najasa?
Hanyar ganowa ta jiki: galibi ana amfani da ita don gano abubuwan da ke cikin najasa, kamar zafin jiki, turbidity, daskararrun daskararru, daskararru, da dai sauransu. Hanyoyin binciken jiki da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da takamaiman hanyar nauyi, hanyar titration da hanyar photometric.
Hanyar gano sinadarai: galibi ana amfani da su don gano gurɓataccen sinadarai a cikin najasa, kamar ƙimar PH, narkar da iskar oxygen, buƙatun iskar oxygen, buƙatun oxygen biochemical, nitrogen ammonia, jimlar phosphorus, ƙarfe mai nauyi, da sauransu. Hanyoyin gano sinadarai da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da titration, spectrophotometry, Atomic absorption spectrometry, ion chromatography da sauransu.
Hanyar gano kwayoyin halitta: galibi ana amfani da su don gano gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin najasa, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, algae, da sauransu. Hanyoyin gano ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da hanyar gano na'urar gano microscope, hanyar kirga al'ada, hanyar karatun microplate da sauransu.
Hanyar gano guba: galibi ana amfani da ita don kimanta tasirin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin najasa a kan kwayoyin halitta, kamar guba mai tsanani, daɗaɗɗen guba, da dai sauransu. Hanyoyin gwajin dafi da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da hanyar gwajin ƙwayar cuta ta ƙwayoyin cuta, hanyar gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran su.
M Hanyar kimantawa: ta hanyar cikakken bincike na daban-daban alamomi a cikin najasa, kimanta gaba daya ingancin muhalli na najasa. Cikakken hanyoyin tantancewa da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da hanyar ƙididdige ƙazanta, hanyar ƙima mai banƙyama, babbar hanyar tantance ɓangarori da sauransu.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don gano ruwan datti, amma ainihin ma'anar har yanzu yana dogara ne akan sakamakon halayen ingancin ruwa da fasahar sarrafa ruwan sha. Ɗaukar ruwan sharar masana'antu a matsayin abu, waɗannan su ne nau'i biyu na gano ruwa don auna abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan datti. Na farko, ana amfani da sifofi mai sauƙi na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa, sannan a hankali ganowa da ƙididdige abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa.
Gwajin muhalli
(1) Gano BOD, wato, gano buƙatar iskar oxygen biochemical. Bukatar iskar oxygen biochemical shine manufa don auna abun ciki na gurɓataccen iska kamar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa. Mafi girman abin da aka yi niyya, yawancin gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa, kuma mafi muni da gurɓatawar. Organic pollutants a cikin sukari, abinci, takarda, fiber da sauran masana'antu datti ruwa za a iya bambanta da biochemical mataki na aerobic kwayoyin, saboda oxygen da ake cinye a kan aiwatar da bambance-bambancen, don haka shi ne kuma ake kira aerobic pollutants, idan irin wannan pollutants wuce kima fitarwa a cikin. jikin ruwa zai haifar da rashin narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa. Har ila yau, kwayoyin halitta za su lalace ta hanyar kwayoyin anaerobic a cikin ruwa, wanda zai haifar da lalacewa, da kuma samar da iskar gas mai ƙamshi kamar methane, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, da ammonia, wanda zai sa jikin ruwa ya lalace kuma ya yi wari.
(2)Gano COD, Wato, gano buƙatar iskar oxygen na sinadarai, yana amfani da oxidants na sinadarai don bambance abubuwan da za a iya cirewa a cikin ruwa ta hanyar oxidation na sinadarai, sannan a ƙididdige yawan iskar oxygen ta adadin sauran abubuwan da suka rage. Ana amfani da buƙatar oxygen na sinadarai (COD) sau da yawa azaman ma'aunin ruwa Fihirisar abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta, mafi girman ƙimar, mafi girman gurɓataccen ruwa. Ƙaddamar da buƙatar iskar oxygen na sinadarai ya bambanta tare da ƙaddarawa da ƙaddarar hanyoyin rage abubuwa a cikin samfuran ruwa. A halin yanzu, hanyoyin da ake amfani da su da yawa sune acidic potassium permanganate oxidation method da Potassium dichromate oxidation method.
Dukansu biyu suna daidaita juna, amma sun bambanta. Gano COD na iya fahimtar ainihin abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan sharar gida, kuma yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan don auna akan lokaci. Idan aka kwatanta da shi, yana da wuya a yi la'akari da kwayoyin halitta oxidized ta microorganisms. Daga mahangar tsafta, zai iya bayyana kai tsaye matakin gurɓatacce. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan sharar gida yana ƙunshe da wasu abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su ba, waɗanda kuma suna buƙatar cinye iskar oxygen yayin tsarin iskar oxygen, don haka COD yana da kurakurai.
Akwai alaƙa tsakanin su biyun, ƙimarBOD5ya kasance ƙasa da COD, bambanci tsakanin su biyu yana da kusan daidai da adadin kwayoyin halitta na refractory, mafi girman bambanci, mafi yawan kwayoyin halitta, a cikin wannan yanayin, kada kuyi amfani da ilimin halitta Saboda haka, rabo na BOD5 / COD zai iya zama. ana amfani da shi don yin hukunci ko ruwan datti ya dace da maganin ilimin halitta. Gabaɗaya, ana kiran rabon BOD5/COD index biochemical. Ƙananan rabo, ƙarancin dacewa da maganin ilimin halitta. Matsakaicin BOD5/COD na ruwan sharar gida wanda ya dace da maganin ilimin halitta Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukar sama da 0.3.