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1. Ƙaddamar da buƙatar iskar oxygen (CODcr)
Bukatar iskar oxygen na sinadarai: yana nufin adadin oxidant da ake cinyewa lokacin da ake amfani da potassium dichromate azaman oxidant don kula da samfuran ruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin acid mai ƙarfi da yanayin zafi, sashin shine mg/L. A cikin ƙasata, ana amfani da hanyar potassium dichromate gabaɗaya azaman tushe. ;
1. Hanyar hanya
A cikin maganin acidic mai ƙarfi, ana amfani da wani adadin potassium dichromate don oxidize abubuwan ragewa a cikin samfurin ruwa. Ana amfani da wuce haddi na potassium dichromate azaman mai nuna alama kuma ana amfani da maganin ammonium sulfate na ƙarfe don ɗigowa baya. Yi lissafin adadin iskar oxygen da ake cinyewa ta hanyar rage abubuwa a cikin samfurin ruwa dangane da adadin ferrous ammonium sulfate da aka yi amfani da shi. ;
2. Kayan aiki
(1) Na'urar reflux: na'urar reflux gabaɗaya mai gilashi tare da filastar conical 250ml (idan ƙarar samfurin ya fi 30ml, yi amfani da na'urar reflux gabaɗaya tare da flask conical 500ml). ;
(2) Na'urar dumama: farantin dumama lantarki ko tanderun lantarki mai canzawa. ;
(3) 50ml acid titrant. ;
3. Reagents
(1) Potassium dichromate standard solution (1/6=0.2500mol/L:) Auna nauyin 12.258g na ma'auni ko mafi girman darajar potassium dichromate wanda aka bushe a 120 ° C na 2 hours, narkar da shi a cikin ruwa, kuma canza shi zuwa 1000 ml na kwalban ruwa. Tsarma zuwa alamar kuma girgiza da kyau. ;
(2) Gwaji ferrousin bayani bayani: Auna 1.485g na phenanthroline, narke 0.695g na ferrous sulfate a cikin ruwa, tsarma zuwa 100ml, da kuma adana a cikin wani ruwan kasa kwalban. ;
(3) Ferrous ammonium sulfate misali bayani: Auna 39.5g na ferrous ammonium sulfate kuma narkar da shi a cikin ruwa. Yayin motsawa, a hankali ƙara 20ml na sulfuric acid mai mahimmanci. Bayan an sanyaya, canza shi zuwa gilashin 1000ml mai girma, ƙara ruwa don tsarma da alamar, kuma girgiza sosai. Kafin amfani, daidaita tare da daidaitaccen bayani na potassium dichromate. ;
Hanyar daidaitawa: daidai 10.00ml potassium dichromate daidaitaccen bayani da 500ml Erlenmeyer flask, ƙara ruwa don tsarma zuwa kusan 110ml, a hankali ƙara 30ml maida hankali sulfuric acid, da Mix. Bayan sanyaya, ƙara digo uku na maganin ferroline (kimanin 0.15ml) da titrate tare da ammonium sulfate na ƙarfe. Launin maganin yana canzawa daga rawaya zuwa shuɗi-kore zuwa launin ruwan ja kuma shine ƙarshen ƙarshen. ;
C [(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2]=0.2500×10.00/V
A cikin dabara, c-haɓakar ferrous ammonium sulfate daidaitaccen bayani (mol / L); V — adadin ferrous ammonium sulfate daidaitaccen maganin titration (ml). ;
(4) Sulfuric acid-azurfa sulfate bayani: Add 25g na azurfa sulfate zuwa 2500ml na maida hankali sulfuric acid. A bar shi tsawon kwanaki 1-2 kuma a girgiza shi lokaci zuwa lokaci don narkewa (idan babu akwati na 2500ml, ƙara 5g sulfate na azurfa zuwa 500ml mai tattara sulfuric acid). ;
(5) Mercury sulfate: crystal ko foda. ;
4. Abubuwan lura
(1) Matsakaicin adadin ions chloride wanda za'a iya haɗa shi ta amfani da 0.4g na mercury sulfate zai iya kaiwa 40ml. Misali, idan aka dauki samfurin ruwa na 20.00mL, zai iya hada samfurin ruwa tare da matsakaicin adadin ion chloride na 2000mg/L. Idan chloride ion maida hankali ne low, za ka iya ƙara m mercury sulfate don kula da mercury sulfate:chloride ion = 10:1 (W/W). Idan ƙaramin adadin chloride mercury ya yi hazo, baya shafar ma'aunin. ;
(2) The ruwa samfurin cire girma na iya zama a cikin kewayon 10.00-50.00mL, amma reagent sashi da maida hankali za a iya gyara daidai da samun sakamako mai gamsarwa. ;
(3) Don samfuran ruwa tare da buƙatar iskar oxygen ƙasa da 50mol/L, yakamata ya zama daidaitaccen bayani na 0.0250mol/L potassium dichromate. Lokacin da baya drip, yi amfani da 0.01/L ferrous ammonium sulfate daidaitaccen bayani. ;
(4) Bayan samfurin ruwa ya yi zafi da sake sakewa, ragowar adadin potassium dichromate a cikin maganin ya kamata ya zama 1 / 5-4 / 5 na ƙananan adadin da aka kara. ;
(5) Lokacin amfani da daidaitaccen bayani na potassium hydrogen phthalate don gwada inganci da fasahar aiki na reagent, tun da ka'idar CODCr a kowace gram na potassium hydrogen phthalate shine 1.167g, narkar da 0.4251L potassium hydrogen phthalate da ruwa mai distilled. , Canja wurin shi zuwa 1000mL volumetric flask, kuma tsarma zuwa alamar tare da ruwa mai tsafta sau biyu don sanya shi daidaitaccen bayani na 500mg / L CODCr. Sabon shiri lokacin amfani. ;
(6) Sakamakon ma'auni na CODCR yakamata ya riƙe mahimman lambobi uku. ;
(7) A cikin kowane gwaji, ferrous ammonium sulfate misali titration bayani ya kamata a calibrated, kuma ya kamata a biya kulawa ta musamman ga canje-canje a cikin maida hankali lokacin da dakin zafin jiki ne high. ;
5. Matakan aunawa
(1) Girgiza samfurin ruwan shigar da aka dawo da shi da samfurin ruwa daidai. ;
(2) Ɗauki flasks na bakin Erlenmeyer guda 3, masu lamba 0, 1, da 2; ƙara beads gilashi 6 ga kowane ɗayan 3 Erlenmeyer flasks. ;
(3) Ƙara 20 ml na ruwa mai narkewa zuwa No. 0 Erlenmeyer flask (amfani da pipette mai mai); ƙara 5 ml na samfurin ruwa na abinci zuwa No. 1 Erlenmeyer flask (amfani da pipette 5 mL, kuma amfani da ruwan abinci don wanke pipette). tube sau 3), sa'an nan kuma ƙara 15 ml distilled ruwa (amfani da pipette mai mai); ƙara 20 ml na samfurin ƙazanta zuwa No. 2 Erlenmeyer flask (amfani da pipette mai kitse, wanke pipette sau 3 tare da ruwa mai shigowa). ;
(4) Ƙara 10 ml na potassium dichromate ba daidaitaccen bayani ba ga kowane ɗayan 3 Erlenmeyer flasks (amfani da 10 ml potassium dichromate ba daidaitaccen bayani pipette, kuma kurkura pipette 3 tare da potassium dichromate ba daidaitaccen bayani ba) Na biyu) . ;
(5) Sanya flasks Erlenmeyer a kan tanderun maƙasudi masu yawa na lantarki, sannan buɗe bututun ruwa na famfo don cika bututun na'urar da ruwa (kada ku buɗe fam ɗin da yawa, dangane da gogewa). ;
(6) Ƙara 30 ml na sulfate na azurfa (ta yin amfani da ƙaramin silinda mai aunawa 25 ml) a cikin filayen Erlenmeyer guda uku daga ɓangaren sama na bututun na'urar, sa'an nan kuma girgiza flasks Erlenmeyer guda uku daidai. ;
(7) Toshe cikin tanderun manufa da yawa na lantarki, fara lokaci daga tafasa, da zafi na awanni 2. ;
(8) Bayan an gama dumama, cire na'urar lantarki mai amfani da wutar lantarki da kuma ba da damar yin sanyi na wani lokaci ( tsawon lokacin ya dogara da gwaninta). ;
(9) Ƙara 90 ml na ruwa mai tsafta daga ɓangaren babba na bututun kwandon ruwa zuwa kwalban Erlenmeyer guda uku (dalilai don ƙara ruwa mai tsafta: 1. Ƙara ruwa daga bututun na'urar don ba da damar samfurin ruwa na ruwa a kan bango na ciki na condenser. tube don gudana a cikin kwalban Erlenmeyer a lokacin aikin dumama don rage yawan kurakurai. ;
(10) Bayan an ƙara ruwa mai narkewa, za a saki zafi. Cire flask ɗin Erlenmeyer kuma sanyaya shi. ;
(11) Bayan an huce gaba ɗaya, ƙara digo 3 na nunin ferrous na gwaji ga kowane ɗaya daga cikin faifan Erlenmeyer guda uku, sa'an nan kuma girgiza flask ɗin Erlenmeyer guda uku daidai. ;
(12) Titrate tare da ferrous ammonium sulfate. Launi na maganin yana canzawa daga rawaya zuwa shuɗi-kore zuwa launin ruwan kasa ja a matsayin ƙarshen ƙarshen. (Ku kula da amfani da cikakken atomatik burettes. Bayan titration, tuna don karantawa da kuma ɗaga matakin ruwa na burette ta atomatik zuwa matakin mafi girma kafin ci gaba zuwa titration na gaba). ;
(13) Yi rikodin karatun kuma a lissafta sakamakon. ;
2. Ƙaddamar da buƙatar oxygen na biochemical (BOD5)
Najasa a cikin gida da ruwan sharar masana'antu sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin halitta iri-iri. Lokacin da suka gurɓata ruwa, waɗannan kwayoyin halitta za su cinye adadin iskar oxygen mai yawa lokacin da suka lalace a cikin ruwa, don haka lalata ma'aunin iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa da kuma lalata ingancin ruwa. Rashin iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa yana haifar da mutuwar kifaye da sauran rayuwar ruwa. ;
Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin ruwa yana da wuyar gaske, kuma yana da wuya a tantance abubuwan da suka hada da su daya bayan daya. Mutane sukan yi amfani da iskar oxygen da kwayoyin halitta ke cinyewa a cikin ruwa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi don wakiltar abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa a kaikaice. Bukatar iskar oxygen ta biochemical shine muhimmin alamar wannan nau'in. ;
Hanyar al'ada ta auna buƙatun oxygen biochemical shine hanyar dilution inoculation. ;
Samfurori na ruwa don auna buƙatun oxygen na biochemical yakamata a cika kuma a rufe su cikin kwalabe lokacin tattarawa. Ajiye a 0-4 digiri Celsius. Gabaɗaya, yakamata a yi bincike a cikin sa'o'i 6. Idan ana buƙatar sufuri mai nisa. A kowane hali, lokacin ajiya bai kamata ya wuce sa'o'i 24 ba. ;
1. Hanyar hanya
Bukatar iskar oxygen ta biochemical tana nufin adadin narkar da iskar oxygen da ake cinyewa a cikin tsarin sinadarai na ƙwayoyin cuta da ke lalata wasu abubuwa masu oxidizable, musamman kwayoyin halitta, a cikin ruwa ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi. Dukan tsari na oxidation na halitta yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. Misali, idan aka yi al'ada a ma'aunin Celsius 20, yana ɗaukar fiye da kwanaki 100 don kammala aikin. A halin yanzu, ana ba da shawarar gabaɗaya a gida da waje don sanya shi na tsawon kwanaki 5 akan 20 da ƙari ko debe digiri 1, kuma auna narkar da iskar oxygen na samfurin kafin da bayan shiryawa. Bambanci tsakanin su biyu shine darajar BOD5, wanda aka bayyana a cikin milligrams/lita na oxygen. ;
Ga wasu ruwan saman da galibin ruwan sharar masana'antu, domin yana dauke da kwayoyin halitta da yawa, ana bukatar a tsoma shi kafin al'adu da aunawa don rage yawan kuzarinsa da tabbatar da isassun iskar oxygen. Matsayin dilution ya kamata ya zama irin wannan narkar da iskar oxygen da ake cinyewa a cikin al'adar ya fi 2 MG / L, kuma sauran narkar da iskar oxygen ya fi 1 mg / L. ;
Domin tabbatar da cewa akwai isassun iskar oxygen da aka narkar da bayan an narkar da samfurin ruwa, ruwan da aka shafe yawanci ana shaka shi da iska, don haka iskar oxygen da aka narkar da ita a cikin ruwan da aka narkar da ita yana kusa da saturation. Hakanan ya kamata a ƙara wasu adadin abubuwan gina jiki marasa ƙarfi da abubuwan buffer a cikin ruwan dilution don tabbatar da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta. ;
Don ruwan sharar masana'antu wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ko babu, ciki har da ruwan acidic, ruwan alkaline, ruwan zafi mai zafi ko ruwan sha mai chlorinated, ya kamata a yi allurar rigakafi yayin auna BOD5 don gabatar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda zasu iya lalata kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan datti. Lokacin da akwai kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan datti wanda ke da wuyar lalacewa ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin najasar gida gaba ɗaya a cikin sauri na al'ada ko kuma sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu guba sosai, ya kamata a shigar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin gida a cikin samfurin ruwa don yin rigakafi. Wannan hanya ta dace don ƙayyade samfurori na ruwa tare da BOD5 mafi girma ko daidai da 2mg / L, kuma matsakaicin baya wuce 6000mg / L. Lokacin da BOD5 na samfurin ruwa ya fi 6000mg / L, wasu kurakurai zasu faru saboda dilution. ;
2. Kayan aiki
(1) Incubator mai yawan zafin jiki
(2) 5-20L kunkuntar bakin gilashin kwalban. ;
(3)1000——2000ml Silinda mai aunawa
(4) Gilashin motsa jiki: Tsawon sanda ya kamata ya zama 200mm tsayi fiye da tsayin silinda mai aunawa. Farantin roba mai wuya tare da ƙaramin diamita fiye da kasan silinda mai aunawa da ƙananan ramuka da yawa an gyara su zuwa kasan sandar. ;
(5) Narkar da kwalbar oxygen: tsakanin 250ml da 300ml, tare da madaidaicin gilashin ƙasa da bakin kararrawa don rufewar samar da ruwa. ;
(6) Siphon, ana amfani dashi don ɗaukar samfuran ruwa da ƙara ruwan dilution. ;
3. Reagents
(1) Maganin buffer Phosphate: Narke 8.5 potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 21.75g dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 33.4 sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate da 1.7g ammonium chloride a cikin ruwa da tsarma zuwa 1000ml. pH na wannan bayani ya kamata ya zama 7.2
(2) Maganin Magnesium sulfate: Narke 22.5g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate a cikin ruwa kuma a tsarma zuwa 1000ml. ;
(3) Maganin Calcium chloride: Narkar da 27.5% anhydrous calcium chloride a cikin ruwa kuma a tsarma zuwa 1000ml. ;
(4) Maganin ferric chloride: Narke 0.25g ferric chloride hexahydrate a cikin ruwa kuma tsarma zuwa 1000ml. ;
(5) Maganin Hydrochloric acid: Narke 40ml hydrochloric acid a cikin ruwa kuma a tsarma zuwa 1000ml.
(6) Maganin sodium hydroxide: Narkar da 20g sodium hydroxide a cikin ruwa da tsarma zuwa 1000ml
(7) Maganin sodium sulfite: Narkar da 1.575g sodium sulfite a cikin ruwa kuma a tsarma zuwa 1000ml. Wannan maganin ba shi da kwanciyar hankali kuma yana buƙatar shirya kowace rana. ;
(8) Glucose-glutamic acid daidaitaccen bayani: Bayan bushewar glucose da glutamic acid a digiri 103 Celsius na awa 1, auna 150ml kowannensu sannan a narkar da shi a cikin ruwa, canza shi zuwa flask volumetric 1000ml sannan a tsoma su daidai. . Shirya wannan daidaitaccen bayani kafin amfani. ;
(9) Ruwan Dilution: Matsakaicin pH na ruwan dilution yakamata ya zama 7.2, BOD5 kuma yakamata ya zama ƙasa da 0.2ml/L. ;
(10) Maganin rigakafi: Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da najasa a cikin gida, a bar shi a cikin ɗaki har tsawon yini da dare, kuma ana amfani da abin da ya fi ƙarfin. ;
(11) Ruwan dilution na inoculation: Ɗauki adadin da ya dace na maganin ƙwayar cuta, ƙara shi a cikin ruwan dilution, sannan a gauraya sosai. Adadin maganin inoculation da aka ƙara a kowace lita na ruwa mai narkewa shine 1-10ml na najasar gida; ko 20-30ml na farfajiyar ƙasa exudate; Matsakaicin pH na ruwa dilution ruwa ya kamata ya zama 7.2. Ya kamata darajar BOD ta kasance tsakanin 0.3-1.0 mg/L. Ya kamata a yi amfani da ruwa dilution ruwa nan da nan bayan shiri. ;
4. Lissafi
1. Samfurori na ruwa suna al'ada kai tsaye ba tare da dilution ba
BOD5(mg/L)=C1-C2
A cikin dabara: C1 - - narkar da iskar oxygen taro na ruwa kafin al'ada (mg / L);
C2--Sauran narkar da iskar oxygen (mg/L) bayan an sanya samfurin ruwa na kwanaki 5. ;
2. Samfurori na ruwa suna al'ada bayan dilution
BOD5(mg/L)=[(C1-C2)—(B1-B2)f1]∕f2
A cikin dabara: C1 - - narkar da iskar oxygen taro na ruwa kafin al'ada (mg / L);
C2--Sauran narkar da iskar oxygen (mg / L) bayan 5 kwanakin shiryawa na samfurin ruwa;
B1 ——Narkar da iskar oxygen taro na ruwa dilution (ko inoculation dilution ruwa) kafin al'ada (mg/L);
B2 - Narkar da iskar oxygen taro na ruwa dilution (ko inoculation dilution ruwa) bayan al'ada (mg / L);
f1——Rashin ruwa na dilution (ko inoculation dilution water) a cikin al'ada matsakaici;
f2——Yawan samfurin ruwa a cikin matsakaicin al'ada. ;
B1——Narkar da iskar oxygen na ruwa dilution kafin al'ada;
B2 - Narkar da iskar oxygen na ruwa dilution bayan namo;
f1——Yawan adadin ruwan dilution a cikin al'adun gargajiya;
f2——Yawan samfurin ruwa a cikin matsakaicin al'ada. ;
Lura: Lissafi na f1 da f2: Misali, idan rabon dilution na matsakaicin al'ada ya kasance 3%, wato sassa 3 na samfurin ruwa da sassa 97 na ruwan dilution, to f1=0.97 da f2=0.03. ;
5. Abubuwan lura
(1) Tsarin oxidation na kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa za a iya raba shi zuwa matakai biyu. Mataki na farko shine oxidation na carbon da hydrogen a cikin kwayoyin halitta don samar da carbon dioxide da ruwa. Ana kiran wannan mataki matakin carbonization. Yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 20 don kammala matakin carbonization a digiri 20 na Celsius. A mataki na biyu, abubuwan da ke ɗauke da nitrogen da wani ɓangare na nitrogen suna oxidized zuwa nitrite da nitrate, wanda ake kira matakin nitrification. Yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 100 don kammala matakin nitrification a ma'aunin Celsius 20. Don haka, lokacin auna BOD5 na samfuran ruwa, nitrification gabaɗaya ba shi da mahimmanci ko baya faruwa kwata-kwata. Duk da haka, magudanar ruwa daga tankin jiyya na halitta ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin cuta na nitrifying. Don haka, lokacin auna BOD5, ana kuma haɗa buƙatar iskar oxygen na wasu mahadi masu ɗauke da nitrogen. Don irin waɗannan samfuran ruwa, ana iya ƙara masu hana nitrification don hana tsarin nitrification. Don wannan dalili, 1 ml na propylene thiourea tare da maida hankali na 500 mg / L ko wani adadin 2-chlorozone-6-trichloromethyldine da aka gyara akan sodium chloride za a iya ƙara zuwa kowane lita na samfurin ruwa mai narkewa don yin TCMP samfurin diluted shine kusan 0.5 MG / L. ;
(2) Ya kamata a tsaftace kayan gilashi da kyau. Da farko sai a jika a wanke da wanke-wanke, sannan a jika tare da dilute hydrochloric acid, sannan a wanke da ruwan famfo da ruwa mai narkewa. ;
(3) Domin bincika ingancin ruwa mai ruwa da maganin inoculum, tsarma 20mp of glute-gluto acid bayani zuwa 1000ml, kuma bi matakan aunawa BOD5. Ƙimar BOD5 da aka auna ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin 180-230mg/L. In ba haka ba, bincika ko akwai wasu matsaloli tare da ingancin maganin inoculum, ruwan dilution ko dabarun aiki. ;
(4) Lokacin da dilution factor na ruwa samfurin ya wuce sau 100, ya kamata a farko diluted da ruwa a cikin wani volumetric flask, sa'an nan kuma a dauki adadin da ya dace don al'ada dilution na karshe. ;
3. Ƙayyade daskararru (SS)
Daskararrun da aka dakatar suna wakiltar adadin daskararrun da ba a narkar da su a cikin ruwa. ;
1. Hanyar hanya
An gina ma'aunin ma'auni, kuma ɗaukar samfurin a wani ƙayyadadden tsayin raƙuman ruwa yana jujjuya shi zuwa ƙimar maida hankali na ma'aunin da za a auna, kuma ana nunawa akan allon LCD. ;
2. Matakan aunawa
(1) Girgiza samfurin ruwan shigar da aka dawo da shi da samfurin ruwa daidai. ;
(2) Ɗauki tube mai launi 1 kuma ƙara 25 ml na samfurin ruwa mai shigowa, sa'an nan kuma ƙara ruwa mai narkewa a cikin alamar (saboda ruwa mai shigowa SS yana da girma, idan ba a diluted ba, yana iya wuce iyakar iyakar ma'auni na daskarewa) iyaka. , yin sakamakon da ba daidai ba. Tabbas, ba a daidaita girman samfurin na ruwa mai shigowa ba. Idan ruwan da ke shigowa ya yi datti sosai, ɗauki 10mL kuma ƙara ruwa mai narkewa zuwa sikelin). ;
(3) Kunna gwajin daskararrun da aka dakatar, sai a zuba ruwa mai narkewa a cikin 2/3 na karamin akwatin kwatankwacin kwali, bushe bangon waje, danna maɓallin zaɓi yayin girgiza, sa'an nan kuma saka gwajin daskarewa a cikinsa da sauri, sannan danna maɓallin karantawa. Idan ba sifili bane, danna maɓalli bayyananne don share kayan aikin (auna sau ɗaya kawai). ;
(4) Auna ruwan da ke shigowa SS: Zuba samfurin ruwan da ke shigowa a cikin bututu mai launi a cikin ƙaramin akwati kuma a wanke shi sau uku, sannan ƙara samfurin ruwan zuwa 2/3, bushe bangon waje, sannan danna maɓallin zaɓi yayin da kuke so. girgiza. Sa'an nan kuma da sauri saka shi cikin gwajin daskararrun da aka dakatar, sannan danna maɓallin karantawa, auna sau uku, kuma ƙididdige matsakaicin ƙimar. ;
(5) Auna ruwan SS: Girgiza samfurin ruwan daidai da kurkure karamin akwati sau uku…(Hanyar daidai take da na sama)
3. Lissafi
Sakamakon mashigar ruwa SS shine: dilution rabo * da aka auna samfurin ruwan mashigai. Sakamakon magudanar ruwa SS shine kai tsaye karatun kayan aiki na samfurin ruwa da aka auna.
4. Ƙaddamar da jimlar phosphorus (TP)
1. Hanyar hanya
A karkashin yanayin acidic, orthophosphate yana amsawa tare da ammonium molybdate da potassium antimonyl tartrate don samar da phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, wanda aka rage ta hanyar rage ascorbic acid kuma ya zama hadaddun shuɗi, yawanci hadedde tare da phosphomolybdenum blue. ;
Matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin ganowa na wannan hanyar shine 0.01mg/L (matsayin da ya dace da abin sha A = 0.01); Matsakaicin iyakar ƙaddara shine 0.6mg/L. Ana iya amfani da shi don nazarin orthophosphate a cikin ruwa na ƙasa, najasa na gida da ruwan sha na masana'antu daga sinadarai na yau da kullum, takin phosphate, jiyya na phosphating karfe, magungunan kashe qwari, karfe, coking da sauran masana'antu. ;
2. Kayan aiki
Spectrophotometer
3. Reagents
(1) 1 + 1 sulfuric acid. ;
(2) 10% (m/V) maganin ascorbic acid: Narkar da 10g ascorbic acid a cikin ruwa kuma tsarma zuwa 100ml. Ana adana maganin a cikin kwalban gilashin launin ruwan kasa kuma yana da kwanciyar hankali na makonni da yawa a wuri mai sanyi. Idan launi ya juya rawaya, jefar da sake hadewa. ;
(3) Maganin Molybdate: Narke 13g na ammonium molybdate [(NH4) 6Mo7O24˙4H2O] a cikin 100ml na ruwa. Narkar da 0.35g potassium antimonyl tartrate [K(SbO)C4H4O6˙1/2H2O] a cikin ruwa 100ml. Karkashin motsawa akai-akai, sannu a hankali ƙara maganin ammonium molybdate zuwa 300ml (1+1) sulfuric acid, ƙara potassium antimony tartrate maganin kuma gauraya daidai. Ajiye reagents a cikin kwalabe na gilashin ruwan kasa a wuri mai sanyi. Barga aƙalla watanni 2. ;
(4) Maganin ramuwa-launi mai turbidity: Mix juzu'i biyu na (1+1) sulfuric acid da ƙara ɗaya na 10% (m/V) maganin ascorbic acid. Ana shirya wannan maganin a rana ɗaya. ;
(5) Maganin samfurin Phosphate: Dry potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) a 110 ° C na 2 hours kuma bari sanyi a cikin desiccator. Auna 0.217g, narkar da shi a cikin ruwa, da kuma canja shi zuwa 1000ml volumetric flask. Ƙara 5ml na (1+1) sulfuric acid da kuma tsarma da ruwa zuwa alamar. Wannan bayani ya ƙunshi 50.0ug phosphorus kowace milliliter. ;
(6) Maganin ma'auni na Phosphate: Ɗauki 10.00ml na phosphate stock bayani a cikin 250ml volumetric flask, da kuma tsoma zuwa alamar da ruwa. Wannan bayani ya ƙunshi 2.00ug phosphorus a kowace milliliter. An shirya don amfani nan da nan. ;
4. Matakan ma'auni (ɗaukar ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin shiga da fitarwa kawai a matsayin misali)
(1) Girgiza samfurin ruwan shigar da aka samo da rijiyar ruwa (samfurin ruwan da aka ɗauka daga tafkin biochemical yakamata a girgiza shi da kyau kuma a bar shi na ɗan lokaci don ɗauka). ;
(2) Ɗauki bututun sikelin ma'auni 3, ƙara ruwa mai narkewa zuwa bututun sikelin ma'auni na farko zuwa layin sikelin babba; ƙara 5mL na samfurin ruwa zuwa bututun sikelin ma'auni na biyu, sa'an nan kuma ƙara distilled ruwa zuwa babban sikelin; Fata na Uku na Uku Tushen Tushen Tushen Tube
A jiƙa a cikin hydrochloric acid na tsawon sa'o'i 2, ko kuma a goge da abin wanke-wanke mara phosphate. ;
(3) Ya kamata a jiƙa cuvette a cikin dilute nitric acid ko chromic acid maganin wankin na ɗan lokaci bayan amfani da shi don cire launin shuɗi mai launi na molybdenum. ;
5. Ƙaddamar da jimlar nitrogen (TN)
1. Hanyar hanya
A cikin wani bayani mai ruwa sama da 60 ° C, potassium persulfate yana bazuwa bisa ga tsarin amsawa mai zuwa don samar da ions hydrogen da oxygen. K2S2O8+H2O→2KHSO4+1/2O2KHSO4→K++HSO4_HSO4→H++SO42-
Ƙara sodium hydroxide don kawar da ions hydrogen kuma kammala bazuwar potassium persulfate. A karkashin alkaline matsakaici yanayin 120 ℃-124 ℃, ta yin amfani da potassium persulfate a matsayin oxidant, ba kawai za a iya da ammonia nitrogen da nitrite nitrogen a cikin ruwa samfurin za a oxidized cikin nitrate, amma kuma mafi yawan Organic nitrogen mahadi a cikin ruwa samfurin iya. oxidized a cikin nitrates. Sannan yi amfani da spectrophotometry na ultraviolet don auna abin sha a tsawon nisan 220nm da 275nm bi da bi, kuma a lissafta shayarwar nitrate nitrate bisa ga dabara mai zuwa: A=A220-2A275 don lissafta jimlar abun ciki na nitrogen. Matsakaicin sha na molar shine 1.47 × 103
2. Tsangwama da kawarwa
(1) Lokacin da samfurin ruwa ya ƙunshi hexavalent ions chromium da ferric ions, 1-2 ml na 5% hydroxylamine hydrochloride bayani za a iya ƙara don kawar da tasirin su akan ma'auni. ;
(2) Iodide ions da bromide ions suna tsoma baki tare da ƙaddara. Babu tsangwama idan abun ciki na iodide ya ninka sau 0.2 na jimlar abun ciki na nitrogen. Babu tsangwama idan abun cikin bromide ion ya ninka sau 3.4 na jimlar abun ciki na nitrogen. ;
(3) Ana iya kawar da tasirin carbonate da bicarbonate akan ƙaddara ta ƙara wani adadin acid hydrochloric. ;
(4) Sulfate da chloride ba su da tasiri akan ƙaddara. ;
3. Iyakar aikace-aikacen hanyar
Wannan hanya ta fi dacewa don tantance jimlar nitrogen a cikin tafkuna, tafki, da koguna. Matsakaicin iyakar gano hanyar shine 0.05 mg / l; Matsakaicin iyakar ƙaddara shine 4 mg / l. ;
4. Kayan aiki
(1) UV spectrophotometer. ;
(2) Matsi mai sikari ko mai dafa abinci na gida. ;
(3) Gilashin bututu mai matsewa da bakin ƙasa. ;
5. Reagents
(1) Ruwa marar ammonia, ƙara 0.1ml maida hankali sulfuric acid a kowace lita na ruwa da distill. Tattara datti a cikin akwati gilashi. ;
(2) 20% (m/V) sodium hydroxide: Auna nauyin 20g na sodium hydroxide, narke a cikin ruwa maras ammonia, kuma a tsarma zuwa 100ml. ;
(3) Maganin alkaline potassium persulfate: Auna nauyin 40g potassium persulfate da 15g sodium hydroxide, a narkar da su a cikin ruwan da ba shi da ammonia, sannan a tsoma su zuwa 1000ml. Ana adana maganin a cikin kwalban polyethylene kuma ana iya adana shi har tsawon mako guda. ;
(4) 1+9 hydrochloric acid. ;
(5) Potassium nitrate daidaitaccen bayani: a. Daidaitaccen Maganin Haɗin Kai: Auna 0.7218g na potassium nitrate wanda aka bushe a 105-110 ° C na tsawon sa'o'i 4, narkar da shi a cikin ruwan da ba shi da ammonia, sannan a canza shi zuwa flask volumetric 1000ml don daidaitawa zuwa girma. Wannan bayani ya ƙunshi 100 MG na nitrate nitrogen a kowace ml. Ƙara 2ml chloroform a matsayin wakili na kariya kuma zai kasance barga na akalla watanni 6. b. Potassium nitrate daidaitaccen bayani: Tsarma maganin hannun jari sau 10 tare da ruwan da ba shi da ammonia. Wannan bayani ya ƙunshi 10 MG na nitrate nitrogen a kowace ml. ;
6. Matakan aunawa
(1) Girgiza samfurin ruwan shigar da aka dawo da shi da samfurin ruwa daidai. ;
(2) Ɗauki bututu mai launi 25mL guda uku (lura cewa ba manyan bututun launi bane). Ƙara ruwa mai laushi zuwa bututu mai launi na farko kuma ƙara shi zuwa layin ƙananan ƙananan; ƙara 1mL na samfurin ruwa mai shiga zuwa bututu mai launi na biyu, sannan ƙara distilled ruwa zuwa ƙananan sikelin; ƙara 2ml na samfurin ruwa mai fita zuwa bututu mai launi na uku, sannan ƙara distilled ruwa zuwa gare shi. Ƙara zuwa alamar kaska na ƙasa. ;
(3) Ƙara 5 ml na asali na potassium persulfate zuwa bututun launi guda uku bi da bi.
(4) Sanya bututun mai kala uku a cikin buhunan robobi, sa'an nan kuma sanya su cikin tukunyar matsa lamba. Gudanar da narkewa. ;
(5) Bayan dumama, cire gauze kuma ba da damar yin sanyi a hankali. ;
(6) Bayan sanyaya, ƙara 1 ml na 1+9 hydrochloric acid zuwa kowane ɗayan bututun launi guda uku. ;
(7) Ƙara ruwa mai narkewa a kowane ɗayan bututun launi guda uku har zuwa alamar babba kuma girgiza sosai. ;
(8) Yi amfani da tsayin raƙuman ruwa biyu kuma auna tare da spectrophotometer. Da farko, yi amfani da cuvette na ma'adini na 10mm tare da tsawon 275nm (wani ɗan ƙaramin tsoho) don auna ma'auni, ruwan mashigai, da samfuran ruwa da kuma ƙidaya su; sannan a yi amfani da cuvette na quartz na 10mm tare da tsawon 220nm (wanda ya ɗan ɗanɗana) don auna samfuran ruwa mara kyau, mashigai, da magudanar ruwa. Ɗauki cikin kuma fitar da samfuran ruwa kuma a ƙidaya su. ;
(9) Sakamakon lissafin. ;
6. Ƙaddamar da nitrogen ammonia (NH3-N)
1. Hanyar hanya
Maganin alkaline na mercury da potassium suna amsawa tare da ammonia don samar da fili mai launin ja-launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Wannan launi yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi akan kewayon tsayi mai faɗi. Yawanci tsawon zangon da ake amfani da shi don auna yana cikin kewayon 410-425nm. ;
2. Kiyaye samfuran ruwa
Ana tattara samfuran ruwa a cikin kwalabe na polyethylene ko kwalabe na gilashi kuma ya kamata a bincika su da wuri-wuri. Idan ya cancanta, ƙara sulfuric acid zuwa samfurin ruwa don sanya shi zuwa pH<2, kuma adana shi a 2-5°C. Ya kamata a dauki samfuran acidified don hana sha ammonia a cikin iska da gurɓata. ;
3. Tsangwama da kawarwa
Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta irin su amines aliphatic, amines aromatic, aldehydes, acetone, alcohols da Organic nitrogen amines, da kuma ions inorganic kamar baƙin ƙarfe, manganese, magnesium da sulfur, suna haifar da tsangwama saboda samar da launi daban-daban ko turbidity. Launi da turbidity na ruwa shima yana shafar Colorimetric. Don wannan dalili, ana buƙatar flocculation, sedimentation, tacewa ko distillation pretreatment. Hakanan za'a iya dumama ƙarancin abubuwan da ke sa baki a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic don cire tsangwama tare da ions ƙarfe, kuma ana iya ƙara adadin abin rufe fuska da ya dace don kawar da su. ;
4. Iyakar aikace-aikacen hanyar
Matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin ganowa na wannan hanya shine 0.025 mg / l (hanyar hoto), kuma babban iyaka na ƙaddara shine 2 mg / l. Yin amfani da launi na gani, mafi ƙasƙanci mafi ƙarancin ganowa shine 0.02 mg / l. Bayan pretreatment dace pretreatment na ruwa samfurori, wannan hanya za a iya amfani da surface ruwa, karkashin kasa ruwa, masana'antu sharar gida da kuma najasar gida. ;
5. Kayan aiki
(1) Spectrophotometer. ;
(2) PH mita
6. Reagents
Duk ruwan da ake amfani da shi don shirya reagents ya zama mara ammonia. ;
(1) Nessler's reagent
Kuna iya zaɓar ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a shirya:
1. Auna 20g na potassium iodide kuma narkar da shi a cikin kimanin 25ml na ruwa. Ƙara mercury dichloride (HgCl2) crystal foda (kimanin 10g) a cikin ƙananan yanki yayin motsawa. Lokacin da hazo mai ɓarna ya bayyana kuma yana da wuyar narkewa, lokaci yayi da za a ƙara madaidaicin dioxide dropwise. Maganin Mercury kuma motsawa sosai. Lokacin da hazo vermilion ya bayyana kuma baya narkewa, daina ƙara maganin mercuric chloride. ;
A auna wani 60g na potassium hydroxide kuma a narkar da shi cikin ruwa, sannan a tsoma shi zuwa 250ml. Bayan ya huce zuwa zafin daki, sai a zuba maganin da ke sama a hankali a cikin maganin potassium hydroxide yayin da ake motsawa, sai a tsoma shi da ruwa zuwa 400ml, sannan a gauraya sosai. Bari mu tsaya na dare, canja wurin supernatant zuwa kwalban polyethylene, kuma adana shi tare da madaidaicin matsewa. ;
2. Auna 16g na sodium hydroxide, narkar da shi a cikin 50ml na ruwa, da kuma cikakken sanyi zuwa dakin zafin jiki. ;
Auna wani 7g na potassium iodide da 10g na mercury iodide (HgI2) kuma a narkar da shi cikin ruwa. Sai a zuba wannan maganin a hankali a cikin maganin sodium hydroxide yayin motsawa, sai a tsoma shi da ruwa zuwa 100ml, adana shi a cikin kwalban polyethylene, kuma a rufe shi sosai. ;
(2) Potassium sodium acid bayani
A auna 50g na potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O) a narke shi a cikin 100ml na ruwa, zafi da tafasa don cire ammonia, sanyi kuma narke zuwa 100ml. ;
(3) Ammonium misali stock bayani
Auna nauyin 3.819g na ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) wanda aka bushe a digiri 100 Celsius, narkar da shi a cikin ruwa, canza shi zuwa gilashin volumetric 1000ml, kuma a tsoma shi zuwa alamar. Wannan bayani ya ƙunshi 1.00mg ammonia nitrogen a kowace ml. ;
(4) Ammonium misali bayani
Pipette 5.00ml na amine daidaitaccen samfurin haja a cikin kwalban ƙaramar 500ml kuma a tsoma shi da ruwa zuwa alamar. Wannan bayani ya ƙunshi 0.010mg ammonia nitrogen a kowace ml. ;
7. Lissafi
Nemo abun ciki na nitrogen ammonia (mg) daga madaidaicin daidaitawa
Ammoniya nitrogen (N, mg/l)=m/v*1000
A cikin tsari, m - adadin ammoniya nitrogen da aka samo daga calibration (mg), V - girman samfurin ruwa (ml). ;
8. Abubuwan lura
(1) Matsakaicin sodium iodide da potassium iodide yana da tasiri mai girma akan ji na halayen launi. Ya kamata a cire hazo da aka kafa bayan hutawa. ;
(2) Takardar tace sau da yawa tana ƙunshe da adadin gishirin ammonium, don haka a tabbata a wanke ta da ruwan da ba shi da ammonia yayin amfani da shi. Duk kayan gilashi ya kamata a kiyaye su daga gurɓatar ammonia a cikin iskan dakin gwaje-gwaje. ;
9. Matakan aunawa
(1) Girgiza samfurin ruwan shigar da aka dawo da shi da samfurin ruwa daidai. ;
(2) Zuba samfurin ruwa mai shiga da samfurin ruwa a cikin 100mL beakers bi da bi. ;
(3) Ƙara 1 ml na 10% zinc sulfate da digo 5 na sodium hydroxide a cikin ɓangarorin biyu bi da bi, sannan a motsa tare da sandunan gilashi biyu. ;
(4)A barshi ya zauna na tsawon mintuna 3 sannan a fara tacewa. ;
(5) Zuba samfurin ruwan tsaye a cikin mazugi mai tacewa. Bayan tace sai a zuba tacewa a cikin bakar kasa. Sa'an nan kuma yi amfani da wannan beaker don tattara sauran samfurin ruwa a cikin mazurari. Har sai an gama tacewa, sai a sake zuba tacewa a cikin kwandon kasa. Zuba tace. (A wasu kalmomi, yi amfani da tacewa daga mazurari ɗaya don wanke beaker sau biyu)
(6) Tace sauran samfuran ruwa a cikin beakers bi da bi. ;
(7) Ɗauki bututu mai launi guda 3. Ƙara ruwa mai narkewa zuwa bututu mai launi na farko kuma ƙara zuwa sikelin; ƙara 3-5mL na samfurin ruwan shigar da tacewa zuwa bututu mai launi na biyu, sa'an nan kuma ƙara ruwa mai tsafta zuwa sikelin; ƙara 2mL na madaidaicin samfurin tacewa zuwa bututu mai launi na uku. Sa'an nan kuma ƙara distilled ruwa zuwa alamar. (Ba a ƙayyadadden adadin mai shigowa da mai fita samfurin tacewa ba)
(8) Ƙara 1 ml na potassium sodium tartrate da 1.5 ml Nessler reagent zuwa bututun launi guda uku bi da bi. ;
(9) Ki girgiza sosai da lokaci na mintuna 10. Yi amfani da spectrophotometer don aunawa, ta yin amfani da tsawon tsayin 420nm da cuvette 20mm. Yi lissafi. ;
(10) Sakamakon lissafin. ;
7. Ƙaddamar da nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N)
1. Hanyar hanya
A cikin samfurin ruwa a cikin matsakaici na alkaline, ana iya rage nitrate da yawa zuwa ammonia ta hanyar rage rage (Daisler alloy) a ƙarƙashin dumama. Bayan distillation, ana tsotse shi cikin maganin boric acid kuma a auna ta ta amfani da reagent na Nessler ko titration acid. . ;
2. Tsangwama da kawarwa
A karkashin waɗannan yanayi, nitrite kuma yana raguwa zuwa ammonia kuma yana buƙatar cirewa a gaba. Ammoniya da gishiri ammonia a cikin samfuran ruwa kuma ana iya cire su ta hanyar distillation kafin ƙara Daisch gami. ;
Wannan hanya ta dace musamman don ƙayyade nitrate nitrogen a cikin samfuran ruwa mai gurbataccen yanayi. A lokaci guda kuma, ana iya amfani dashi don ƙayyade nitrite nitrogen a cikin samfuran ruwa (samfurin ruwa yana ƙaddara ta hanyar alkaline pre-distillation don cire ammonia da ammonium salts, sa'an nan kuma nitrite Jimlar adadin gishiri, rage adadin. na nitrate da aka auna daban, shine adadin nitrite). ;
3. Kayan aiki
Na'urar distillation mai gyara Nitrogen tare da kwallayen nitrogen. ;
4. Reagents
(1) Maganin Sulfamic acid: Auna 1g na sulfamic acid (HOSO2NH2), a narkar da shi cikin ruwa, kuma a tsoma shi zuwa 100ml. ;
(2) 1 + 1 hydrochloric acid
(3) Maganin Sodium hydroxide: Auna nauyin 300g na sodium hydroxide, narkar da shi a cikin ruwa, kuma a tsoma shi zuwa 1000ml. ;
(4) Daisch gami (Cu50:Zn5:Al45) foda. ;
(5) Maganin Boric acid: Auna 20g na boric acid (H3BO3), narke shi cikin ruwa, kuma a tsoma shi zuwa 1000ml. ;
5. Matakan aunawa
(1) Girgiza samfuran da aka samo daga aya ta 3 da wurin reflux kuma sanya su don yin bayani na wani lokaci. ;
(2) Ɗauki bututu mai launi guda 3. Ƙara ruwa mai narkewa zuwa bututu mai launi na farko kuma ƙara shi zuwa sikelin; ƙara 3mL na No. 3 spotting supernatant zuwa na biyu colorimetric tube, sa'an nan kuma ƙara distilled ruwa zuwa sikelin; ƙara 5ml na reflux spotting supernatant zuwa bututu mai launi na uku, sannan ƙara distilled ruwa zuwa alamar. ;
(3) Ɗauki jita-jita guda 3 da za a kwashe kuma a zuba ruwan a cikin bututun launi guda 3 a cikin jita-jita masu ƙafe. ;
(4) Ƙara 0.1 mol / L sodium hydroxide zuwa jita-jita guda uku na evaporating don daidaita pH zuwa 8. (Yi amfani da takaddun gwajin pH daidai, kewayon yana tsakanin 5.5-9.0. Kowane yana buƙatar kimanin 20 saukad da sodium hydroxide)
(5) Kunna ruwan wankan, sai a sanya kwanon da ake fitar da shi a kan wankan ruwa, sannan a sanya zafin jiki zuwa 90 ° C har sai ya bushe. (yana ɗaukar kimanin awanni 2)
(6) Bayan ya bushe ya bushe, sai a cire kwanon da ya bushe a sanyaya. ;
(7) Bayan sanyaya, ƙara 1 ml na phenol disulfonic acid zuwa jita-jita guda uku na evaporating bi da bi, niƙa tare da sandar gilashi don sanya reagent cikakken lamba tare da ragowar a cikin tasa, bari ya tsaya na ɗan lokaci, sa'an nan kuma sake niƙa. Bayan bar shi na minti 10, ƙara kusan 10 ml na ruwa mai tsabta bi da bi. ;
(8) Ƙara 3-4mL ruwan ammonia a cikin jita-jita masu shayarwa yayin motsawa, sa'an nan kuma motsa su zuwa tubes masu launi masu dacewa. Ƙara ruwa mai narkewa zuwa alamar bi da bi. ;
9 Kuma ci gaba da ƙidaya. ;
(10) Sakamakon lissafin. ;
8. Tabbatar da narkar da iskar oxygen (DO)
Oxygen din kwayoyin da aka narkar da shi a cikin ruwa ana kiransa narkar da iskar oxygen. Abubuwan da ke narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa na halitta ya dogara da ma'auni na iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa da yanayi. ;
Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da hanyar aidin don auna narkar da iskar oxygen.
1. Hanyar hanya
Manganese sulfate da alkaline potassium iodide ana kara su a cikin samfurin ruwa. Narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa yana oxidizes ƙarancin manganese zuwa babban manganese mai daraja, yana haifar da hazo mai launin ruwan kasa na tetravalent manganese hydroxide. Bayan ƙara acid, hydroxide hazo ya narke kuma ya amsa tare da ions iodide don sake shi. Idon kyauta. Yin amfani da sitaci azaman mai nuna alama da titrating ɗin da aka saki iodine tare da sodium thiosulfate, ana iya ƙididdige abubuwan da ke narkar da iskar oxygen. ;
2. Matakan aunawa
(1) Ɗauki samfurin a aya na 9 a cikin kwalba mai fadi kuma bari ya zauna na minti goma. (Lura cewa kuna amfani da kwalabe mai fadi kuma ku kula da hanyar yin samfur)
(2) Saka gwiwar gwiwar gilashi a cikin samfurin kwalban mai fadi, yi amfani da hanyar siphon don tsotse mai girma a cikin kwalbar iskar oxygen da aka narkar da shi, da farko a tsotse kadan kadan, kurkura narkar da iskar oxygen sau 3, kuma a karshe a tsotse a cikin supernatant zuwa cika shi da narkar da iskar oxygen. kwalban. ;
(3) Ƙara 1mL manganese sulfate da 2ml alkaline potassium iodide zuwa cikakkiyar narkar da kwalbar oxygen. (Ku kula da taka tsantsan lokacin ƙarawa, ƙara daga tsakiya)
(4) Rufe kwalbar iskar oxygen da ta narke, girgiza sama da ƙasa, sake girgiza shi kowane ƴan mintuna, sannan a girgiza shi sau uku. ;
(5) Ƙara 2ml na sulfuric acid da aka tattara a cikin kwalbar oxygen da aka narkar da shi kuma girgiza sosai. Bari ya zauna a wuri mai duhu na minti biyar. ;
(6) Zuba sodium thiosulfate a cikin buret alkaline (tare da tube na roba da gilashin gilashi. Kula da bambanci tsakanin acid da alkaline burettes) zuwa layin sikelin kuma shirya don titration. ;
(7) Bayan an bar shi ya tsaya na mintuna 5, sai a fitar da kwalbar iskar oxygen da aka narkar da ita a cikin duhu, a zuba ruwan da ke cikin kwalbar iskar oxygen a cikin silinda mai auna 100 ml na filastik, sannan a wanke shi sau uku. A ƙarshe zuba zuwa alamar 100ml na silinda mai aunawa. ;
(8) Zuba ruwa a cikin silinda mai aunawa a cikin kwalbar Erlenmeyer. ;
(9) Ki zuba sodium thiosulfate a cikin flask na Erlenmeyer har sai ya zama mara launi, sannan a ƙara digo na alamar sitaci, sannan a daka shi da sodium thiosulfate har sai ya bushe, a yi rikodin karatun. ;
(10) Sakamakon lissafin. ;
Narkar da iskar oxygen (mg/L)=M*V*8*1000/100
M shine ƙaddamar da maganin sodium thiosulfate (mol / L)
V shine ƙarar sodium thiosulfate maganin cinyewa yayin titration (mL)
9. Jimlar alkalinity
1. Matakan aunawa
(1) Girgiza samfurin ruwan shigar da aka dawo da shi da samfurin ruwa daidai. ;
(2) Tace samfurin ruwa mai shigowa (idan ruwan mai shigowa yana da tsabta, ba a buƙatar tacewa), yi amfani da silinda mai digiri na 100 ml don ɗaukar 100 ml na tacewa a cikin 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Yi amfani da silinda da aka kammala 100ml don ɗaukar 100ml na samfurin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan a cikin wani flask na 500ml Erlenmeyer. ;
(3) Ƙara 3 saukad da na methyl ja-methylene blue nuna alama ga biyu Erlenmeyer flasks bi da bi, wanda ya juya haske kore. ;
(4) Zuba 0.01mol / L hydrogen ion daidaitaccen bayani a cikin buret alkaline (tare da tube na roba da gilashin gilashi, 50mL. Burette alkaline da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin narkar da iskar oxygen shine 25mL, kula da bambanci) zuwa alamar. Waya ;
(5) Ƙaddamar da daidaitaccen bayani na hydrogen ion zuwa cikin kwalabe guda biyu na Erlenmeyer don bayyana launin lavender, da yin rikodin karatun ƙarar da aka yi amfani da su. (Ka tuna ka karanta bayan ka yi titrating daya sannan ka cika shi don titrate ɗayan. Samfurin ruwan shigar yana buƙatar kimanin milliliters arba'in, kuma samfurin ruwa yana buƙatar kimanin milliliters goma).
(6) Sakamakon lissafin. Adadin hydrogen ion daidaitaccen bayani * 5 shine ƙarar. ;
10. Ƙaddamar da sludge settling ratio (SV30)
1. Matakan aunawa
(1) Ɗauki silinda mai aunawa 100ml. ;
(2) Girgiza samfurin da aka samo a aya ta 9 na ramin oxidation daidai da zuba a cikin silinda mai aunawa zuwa alamar babba. ;
(3) Minti 30 bayan fara lokacin, karanta sikelin karatun akan dubawa kuma yi rikodin shi. ;
11. Ƙaddamar da ma'anar ƙarar sludge (SVI)
Ana auna SVI ta hanyar rarraba sludge settling ratio (SV30) ta hanyar sludge maida hankali (MLSS). Amma a kula game da juya raka'a. Naúrar SVI shine ml/g. ;
12. Ƙaddamar da sludge maida hankali (MLSS)
1. Matakan aunawa
(1) Girgiza samfurin da aka samo a aya 9 da samfurin a wurin reflux daidai. ;
(2) Ɗauki 100mL kowane samfurin a aya 9 da samfurin a wurin reflux a cikin silinda mai aunawa. (Za'a iya samun samfurin a aya 9 ta hanyar auna ma'aunin sludge sedimentation rabo)
(3) Yi amfani da rotary vane famfo don tace samfurin a aya na 9 da samfurin a wurin reflux a cikin silinda auna bi da bi. (Ku kula da zaɓin takarda mai tacewa. Takardar da aka yi amfani da ita ita ce takardar tacewa da aka auna a gaba. Idan za a auna MLVSS akan samfurin a aya ta 9 a wannan rana, dole ne a yi amfani da takarda mai ƙididdiga don tace samfurin. a batu na 9. Duk da haka, ya kamata a yi amfani da takarda mai mahimmanci a Bugu da ƙari, kula da takarda mai mahimmanci da kuma qualitative filter paper.
(4) Fitar da samfurin laka ɗin tace tace sannan a sanya shi a cikin tanda mai bushewa. Zazzabi na tanda mai bushewa yana tashi zuwa 105 ° C kuma ya fara bushewa na tsawon sa'o'i 2. ;
(5) A fitar da samfurin laka busasshen tace takarda a sanya shi a cikin injin bushewa ta gilashi don yin sanyi na rabin sa'a. ;
(6) Bayan sanyaya, auna da ƙidaya ta amfani da ma'aunin lantarki daidai. ;
(7) Sakamakon lissafin. Sludge maida hankali (mg/L) = (karanta ma'auni - nauyin takarda tace) * 10000
13. Ƙaddamar da abubuwa masu lalacewa (MLVSS)
1. Matakan aunawa
(1) Bayan an auna samfurin laka na tace takarda a batu na 9 tare da ma'aunin lantarki daidai, sanya samfurin laka mai tacewa a cikin ƙaramin yumbu mai ƙura. ;
(2) Kunna tanderun juriya irin akwatin, daidaita zafin jiki zuwa 620 ° C, sa'annan ku sanya ƙaramin murfi a cikin tanderun juriya na nau'in akwatin na kimanin awanni 2. ;
(3) Bayan sa'o'i biyu, rufe tanderun juriya irin akwatin. Bayan yin sanyi na tsawon awanni 3, bude kofar tanderun juriya irin na akwatin kadan kadan sannan a sake kwantar da kusan rabin sa'a don tabbatar da cewa zazzabin crucible din bai wuce 100 ° C ba. ;
(4) Fitar da kwandon kwandon a saka shi a cikin injin bushewa ta gilashi don sake yin sanyi na kusan rabin sa'a, auna shi akan ma'aunin lantarki daidai, sannan rikodin karatun. ;
(5) Sakamakon lissafin. ;
Abubuwan da ba za a iya canzawa ba (mg/L) = (nauyin samfurin laka na tace takarda + nauyi na ƙarami - karatun ma'auni) * 10000.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 19-2024
