62. Menene hanyoyin auna cyanide?
Hanyoyin bincike da aka fi amfani da su don cyanide sune titration volumetric da spectrophotometry. GB7486-87 da GB7487-87 bi da bi ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin tantance jimillar cyanide da cyanide. Hanyar titration volumetric ya dace da nazarin samfuran ruwa na cyanide mai girma, tare da ma'auni na 1 zuwa 100 mg / l; Hanyar spectrophotometric ya haɗa da hanyar isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone colorimetric hanya da kuma hanyar arsine-barbituric acid colorimetric. Ya dace da nazarin ƙananan samfurori na cyanide na ruwa, tare da ma'auni na 0.004 ~ 0.25mg / L.
Ka'idar volumetric titration ita ce titrate tare da daidaitaccen maganin nitrate na azurfa. Cyanide ions da nitrate na azurfa suna haifar da hadaddun ions na cyanide na azurfa. Yawan ions na azurfa suna amsawa tare da bayani mai nuna alamar chloride na azurfa, kuma maganin yana canzawa daga rawaya zuwa orange-ja. Ka'idar spectrophotometry ita ce, a ƙarƙashin yanayi na tsaka tsaki, cyanide yana amsawa tare da chloramine T don samar da cyanogen chloride, wanda ke amsawa tare da apyridine don samar da glutenedialdehyde, wanda ke amsawa tare da apyridinone ko barbine Tomic acid yana samar da launin shuɗi ko ja-purple, da zurfin zurfin. launi yayi daidai da abun ciki na cyanide.
Akwai wasu abubuwan tsangwama a cikin duka titration da ma'auni na spectrophotometry, da matakan pretreatment kamar ƙara takamaiman sinadarai da pre-distillation yawanci ana buƙata. Lokacin da ƙaddamar da abubuwan da ke shiga tsakani ba su da girma sosai, ana iya cimma manufar kawai ta hanyar pre-distillation.
63. Menene hattara don auna cyanide?
⑴ Cyanide yana da guba sosai, kuma arsenic shima guba ne. Dole ne a yi taka tsantsan yayin ayyukan bincike, kuma dole ne a yi shi a cikin hurumin hayaƙi don guje wa gurɓatar fata da idanu. Lokacin da ƙaddamar da abubuwan da ke shiga tsakani a cikin samfurin ruwa ba su da girma sosai, ana canza cyanide mai sauƙi zuwa hydrogen cyanide kuma an sake shi daga ruwa ta hanyar pre-distillation a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic, sa'an nan kuma an tattara shi ta hanyar wankewar sodium hydroxide, sa'an nan kuma mai sauƙi. cyanide an canza shi zuwa hydrogen cyanide. Rarrabe cyanide mai sauƙi daga cyanide mai rikitarwa, ƙara yawan ƙwayar cyanide da ƙananan ganewa.
⑵ Idan ƙaddamar da abubuwan da ke shiga tsakani a cikin samfurori na ruwa yana da girma, ya kamata a dauki matakan da suka dace da farko don kawar da tasirin su. Kasancewar oxidants zai lalata cyanide. Idan kun yi zargin cewa akwai oxidants a cikin ruwa, za ku iya ƙara adadin da ya dace na sodium thiosulfate don kawar da tsangwama. Ya kamata a adana samfuran ruwa a cikin kwalabe na polyethylene kuma a yi nazari a cikin sa'o'i 24 bayan tattarawa. Idan ya cancanta, m sodium hydroxide ko maida hankali sodium hydroxide bayani ya kamata a ƙara don ƙara pH darajar da ruwa samfurin zuwa 12 ~ 12.5.
⑶ A lokacin da ake narkewar acidic, ana iya fitar da sulfide a cikin nau'in hydrogen sulfide kuma a shafe shi da ruwa mai alkali, don haka dole ne a cire shi a gaba. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu don cire sulfur. Daya shi ne a ƙara wani oxidant wanda ba zai iya oxidize CN- (kamar potassium permanganate) a karkashin acidic yanayi zuwa oxidize S2- sa'an nan kuma distilled shi; ɗayan shine ƙara adadin da ya dace na CdCO3 ko CbCO3 foda mai ƙarfi don samar da ƙarfe. Sulfide yana hazo, kuma ana tace hazo sannan a distilled.
⑷Lokacin distillation na acidic, abubuwan mai kuma ana iya fitar da su. A wannan lokacin, zaka iya amfani da (1 + 9) acetic acid don daidaita ƙimar pH na samfurin ruwa zuwa 6 ~ 7, sa'an nan kuma ƙara 20% na samfurin ruwa da sauri zuwa hexane ko chloroform. Cire (ba sau da yawa ba), sannan nan da nan yi amfani da maganin sodium hydroxide don haɓaka ƙimar pH na samfurin ruwa zuwa 12 ~ 12.5 sannan kuma distill.
⑸ Yayin distillation acidic na samfurori na ruwa wanda ke dauke da babban adadin carbonates, za a saki carbon dioxide kuma a tattara shi ta hanyar maganin wankewar sodium hydroxide, yana rinjayar sakamakon ma'auni. Lokacin da aka haɗu da najasa na carbonate mai girma, ana iya amfani da calcium hydroxide maimakon sodium hydroxide don gyara samfurin ruwa, don haka darajar pH na samfurin ruwa ya karu zuwa 12 ~ 12.5 kuma bayan hazo, an zuba supernatant a cikin kwalban samfurin. .
⑹ Lokacin aunawa cyanide ta amfani da photometry, ƙimar pH na maganin amsa kai tsaye yana rinjayar ƙimar ɗaukar launi. Sabili da haka, dole ne a kula da ƙaddamar da ƙwayar alkali na maganin sha kuma dole ne a kula da ƙarfin buffer na phosphate buffer. Bayan ƙara wani takamaiman adadin buffer, ya kamata a biya hankali don sanin ko za'a iya kaiwa ga mafi kyawun kewayon pH. Bugu da kari, bayan an shirya buffer phosphate, dole ne a auna ƙimar pH ɗin sa tare da mitar pH don ganin ko ya dace da buƙatun don guje wa manyan ɓatanci saboda najasa mai ƙazanta ko kasancewar ruwan kristal.
⑺Canjin abun ciki na chlorine na ammonium chloride T kuma shine dalilin gama gari na ƙaddarar cyanide mara kyau. Lokacin da babu ci gaban launi ko ci gaban launi ba daidai ba ne kuma rashin hankali yana da ƙasa, ban da ƙetare a cikin ƙimar pH na maganin, sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da ingancin ammonium chloride T. Saboda haka, akwai abun ciki na chlorine. na ammonium chloride T dole ne ya zama sama da 11%. Idan ya lalace ko yana da turbid hazo bayan shiri, ba za a iya sake amfani da shi ba.
64. Menene biophases?
A cikin tsarin kula da ilimin halittu na aerobic, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in tsari da tsari ba, kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai tsabta suna oxidized kuma sun lalace cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ayyukan rayuwa na sludge da aka kunna da biofilm microorganisms a cikin tsarin kulawa. Ta haka ake tsarkake ruwan sharar gida. Ingancin ruwan da aka kula da shi yana da alaƙa da nau'in, yawa da ayyukan rayuwa na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka haɗa da sludge da aka kunna da biofilm. Tsara da sarrafa ayyukan yau da kullun na tsarin kula da ruwan sha shine galibi don samar da ingantacciyar yanayin rayuwa don kunna sludge da ƙwayoyin cuta na biofilm ta yadda za su iya yin iyakar ƙarfin kuzarin su.
A cikin aiwatar da nazarin halittu jiyya na sharar gida, microorganisms ne m rukuni: kunna sludge kunshi iri-iri microorganisms, da kuma daban-daban microorganisms dole mu'amala da juna da kuma zauna a ecologically daidaita yanayi. Daban-daban nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da nasu ka'idojin girma a cikin tsarin jiyya na halitta. Misali, lokacin da adadin kwayoyin halitta ya yi yawa, kwayoyin cuta da ke ciyar da kwayoyin halitta sun fi yawa kuma a dabi'ance suna da mafi yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta. Lokacin da adadin ƙwayoyin cuta ya yi yawa, babu makawa protozoa da ke ciyar da ƙwayoyin cuta za su bayyana, sannan kuma micrometazoa da ke ciyar da ƙwayoyin cuta da protozoa zasu bayyana.
Halin girma na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sludge mai kunnawa yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar ingancin ruwa na tsarin kula da ruwa ta hanyar ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Idan an sami adadi mai yawa na flagellates a lokacin nazarin microscopic, yana nufin cewa yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai tsabta yana da girma kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin magani; lokacin da aka sami ciliates na ninkaya a lokacin binciken ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, yana nufin cewa an kula da ruwan datti zuwa wani yanki; lokacin da aka sami ciliates na sessile a ƙarƙashin binciken da ba a iya gani ba, Lokacin da adadin ciliates na ninkaya kaɗan, yana nufin cewa akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kyauta a cikin ruwan datti, kuma ruwan datti yana kusa da tsayayye; lokacin da aka samo rotifer a ƙarƙashin na'ura mai kwakwalwa, yana nufin cewa ingancin ruwa yana da kwanciyar hankali.
65. Menene microscope na rayuwa? menene aikin?
Ana iya amfani da microscopy biophase gabaɗaya don ƙididdige yanayin ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya. Gwaji ne mai inganci kuma ba za a iya amfani da shi azaman ma'auni mai kulawa ba don ingancin magudanar ruwa daga masana'antar sarrafa ruwa. Domin lura da canje-canje a cikin maye gurbi na microfauna, ana buƙatar ƙidayar yau da kullun.
Kunna sludge da biofilm sune manyan abubuwan kula da ruwan sharar halittu. Haɓaka, haifuwa, ayyukan rayuwa na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sludge da maye gurbin tsakanin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na iya nuna matsayin magani kai tsaye. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta da abubuwa masu guba, microscopy biophase ya fi sauƙi. Kuna iya fahimtar canje-canje da haɓakar yawan jama'a da raguwar protozoa a cikin sludge mai kunnawa a kowane lokaci, don haka zaku iya yanke hukunci da farko matakin tsarkakewa na najasa ko ingancin ruwa mai shigowa. da kuma ko yanayin aiki na al'ada ne. Saboda haka, ban da yin amfani da jiki da sinadarai wajen auna kaddarorin da aka kunna sludge, za ka iya amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi don lura da mutum ilimin halittar jiki, girma motsi da kuma dangi yawa na microorganisms yin hukunci da aiki na sharar gida magani, don gane m. yanayi da wuri kuma a dauki matakan da suka dace. Ya kamata a dauki matakan da suka dace don tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki na na'urar jiyya da inganta tasirin magani.
66. Menene ya kamata mu mai da hankali ga sa'ad da muke lura da kwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin ƙananan girma?
Karan-girma kallo shine lura da cikakken hoto na lokaci na nazarin halittu. Kula da girman sludge floc, ƙarancin tsarin sludge, adadin jelly na ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin filamentous da yanayin girma, da yin rikodin da yin kwatancen da suka dace. . Sludge tare da manyan sludge flocs yana da kyakkyawan aiki na daidaitawa da juriya mai ƙarfi ga tasirin babban nauyi.
Za a iya raba sludge flocs zuwa kashi uku bisa ga matsakaicin diamita: sludge flocs tare da matsakaicin diamita> 500 μm ana kiransa sludge mai girma,<150 μm are small-grained sludge, and those between 150 500 medium-grained sludge. .
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na sludge flocs suna magana ne akan siffa, tsari, matsananciyar sludge flocs da adadin ƙwayoyin filamentous a cikin sludge. A lokacin da ake bincikar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, sludge flocs waɗanda ke da kusan zagaye za a iya kiran su zagaye, kuma waɗanda suka bambanta da siffar zagaye ana kiran su flocs marasa tsari.
Wutar hanyar sadarwa a cikin flocs da ke da alaƙa da dakatarwa a waje da flocs ana kiran su buɗaɗɗen tsarin, kuma waɗanda ba su buɗe ba ana kiran su rufaffiyar tsarin. Bakteriyar micelle a cikin flocs an jera su sosai, kuma waɗanda ke da iyakoki masu ma'ana tsakanin gefuna na floc da dakatarwar waje ana kiran su m flocs, yayin da waɗanda ke da gefuna mara tushe ana kiran su sako-sako.
Kwarewa ta tabbatar da cewa zagaye, rufaffiyar, da ƙuƙumman flocs suna da sauƙin haɗawa da tattara hankali tare da juna, kuma suna da kyakkyawan aikin daidaitawa. In ba haka ba, aikin daidaitawa ba shi da kyau.
67. Menene ya kamata mu mai da hankali ga sa'ad da muke lura da kwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin girman girma?
Kulawa tare da haɓakawa mai girma, zaku iya ƙara ganin sifofin tsarin ƙananan dabbobi. Lokacin lura, ya kamata ku kula da bayyanar da tsarin ciki na micro-dabbobi, kamar ko akwai ƙwayoyin abinci a cikin jikin tsutsotsin kararrawa, lilon ciliates, da sauransu. da kauri da launi na jelly, da rabo daga sabon jelly clumps, da dai sauransu Lokacin lura filamentous kwayoyin cuta, kula da ko akwai lipid abubuwa da sulfur barbashi tara a cikin filamentous kwayoyin. A lokaci guda, kula da tsari, siffar da halayen motsi na sel a cikin kwayoyin filamentous don fara yin hukunci akan nau'in kwayoyin filamentous (ƙarin ganewa na kwayoyin filamentous). nau'ikan suna buƙatar amfani da ruwan tabarau na mai da tabon samfuran sludge da aka kunna).
68. Yadda za a rarraba filamentous microorganisms a lokacin nazarin halittu lokaci lura?
Ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sludge mai kunnawa sun haɗa da kwayoyin filamentous, fungi filamentous, filamentous algae (cyanobacteria) da sauran kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haɗuwa kuma suna samar da filamentous thalli. Daga cikin su, kwayoyin filamentous sun fi yawa. Tare da kwayoyin cuta a cikin colloidal kungiyar, Yana ƙunshi babban bangaren kunna sludge floc. Kwayoyin Filamentous suna da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don oxidize da lalata kwayoyin halitta. Duk da haka, saboda babban yanki na musamman na ƙwayoyin cuta na filamentous, lokacin da kwayoyin filamentous a cikin sludge suka wuce adadin jelly na kwayan cuta kuma suka mamaye girma, kwayoyin filamentous zasu motsa daga floc zuwa sludge. Ƙwararren waje zai hana haɗin kai tsakanin flocs kuma ƙara ƙimar SV da ƙimar SVI na sludge. A lokuta masu tsanani, zai haifar da fadada sludge. Sabili da haka, adadin ƙwayoyin filamentous shine mafi mahimmancin abin da ke shafar aikin daidaitawar sludge.
Dangane da rabon ƙwayoyin cuta na filamentous zuwa ƙwayoyin gelatinous a cikin sludge mai kunnawa, ana iya raba ƙwayoyin cuta na filamentous zuwa maki biyar: ①00 - kusan babu ƙwayoyin filamentous a cikin sludge; ②± grade - akwai ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin filamentous a cikin sludge. Grade ③+ - Akwai matsakaicin adadin ƙwayoyin filamentous a cikin sludge, kuma adadin adadin ya kasance ƙasa da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jelly; Grade ④++ - Akwai adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin cuta na filamentous a cikin sludge, kuma jimlar adadin yana daidai da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jelly taro; ⑤++ Grade - Tushen sludge suna da ƙwayoyin cuta na filamentous a matsayin kwarangwal, kuma adadin ƙwayoyin cuta sun zarce na ƙwayoyin cuta micelle.
69. Waɗanne canje-canje a cikin ƙwayoyin sludge da aka kunna ya kamata a kula da su yayin kallon lokaci na nazarin halittu?
Akwai nau'ikan microorganisms da yawa a cikin sludge da aka kunna na tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa na birni. Yana da sauƙin fahimtar matsayin sludge mai kunnawa ta hanyar lura da canje-canje a cikin nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, siffofi, adadi da jihohin motsi. Duk da haka, saboda dalilan ingancin ruwa, wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya zama ba za a iya lura da su ba a cikin sludge mai aiki na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan sha, kuma ba za a iya samun ƙananan dabbobi ba kwata-kwata. Wato, matakan nazarin halittu na masana'antu daban-daban na kula da ruwan sha sun bambanta sosai.
⑴ Canje-canje a cikin nau'in ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta
Nau'in ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sludge za su canza tare da ingancin ruwa da matakan aiki. A lokacin matakin noman sludge, kamar yadda sludge mai kunnawa ke tasowa sannu a hankali, dattin yana canzawa daga turbid zuwa share, kuma ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sludge suna jujjuya juyin halitta na yau da kullun. A lokacin aiki na yau da kullun, canje-canje a cikin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na sludge suma suna bin wasu ƙa'idodi, kuma ana iya fahimtar canje-canjen yanayin aiki daga canje-canje a cikin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na sludge. Alal misali, lokacin da tsarin sludge ya zama sako-sako, za a sami ƙarin ciliates na ninkaya, kuma lokacin da turbidity na datti ya zama mafi muni, amoebae da flagellates za su bayyana da yawa.
⑵ Canje-canje a matsayin ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta
Lokacin da ingancin ruwa ya canza, yanayin aiki na ƙwayoyin cuta kuma zai canza, har ma da siffar ƙwayoyin cuta za su canza tare da canje-canje a cikin ruwan sha. Ɗaukar bellworms a matsayin misali, saurin cilia swinging, yawan kumfa na abinci da aka tara a cikin jiki, girman kumfa na telescopic da sauran siffofi duk zasu canza tare da canje-canje a cikin yanayin girma. Lokacin da narkar da iskar oxygen da ke cikin ruwa ya yi yawa ko kuma ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙulle-ƙulle zai sau da yawa fitowa daga kan tsutsar kararrawa. Lokacin da abubuwan da ke hana ruwa gudu sun yi yawa a cikin ruwan da ke shigowa ko kuma yanayin zafi ya yi ƙasa sosai, tsutsotsin agogon za su zama marasa aiki, kuma ƙwayoyin abinci za su iya tarawa a jikinsu, wanda a ƙarshe zai haifar da mutuwar kwari daga guba. Lokacin da ƙimar pH ta canza, cilia a jikin clockworm ta daina lilo.
⑶ Canje-canje a cikin adadin ƙwayoyin cuta
Akwai nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa a cikin sludge mai kunnawa, amma canje-canjen adadin wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya nuna canje-canjen ingancin ruwa. Misali, ƙwayoyin cuta na filamentous suna da fa'ida sosai idan suna cikin adadin da suka dace yayin aiki na yau da kullun, amma babban kasancewarsu zai haifar da raguwar adadin jelly na kwayan cuta, faɗaɗa sludge, da ƙarancin ƙazanta. Bayyanar flagellates a cikin kunna sludge yana nuna cewa sludge ya fara girma da kuma haifuwa, amma karuwa a cikin adadin flagellates sau da yawa alama ce ta rage tasirin magani. Bayyanar babban adadin bellworms gabaɗaya shine bayyanar girma girma na sludge mai kunnawa. A wannan lokacin, tasirin magani yana da kyau, kuma ana iya ganin ƙananan adadin rotifer a lokaci guda. Idan yawancin rotifers sun bayyana a cikin sludge mai kunnawa, sau da yawa yana nufin cewa sludge ya tsufa ko fiye da oxidized, sa'an nan kuma sludge zai iya tarwatse kuma ingancin fitar da ruwa na iya lalacewa.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-08-2023
