19. Hanyoyin dilution samfurin ruwa nawa ne akwai lokacin auna BOD5? Menene matakan tsaro na aiki?
Lokacin aunawa BOD5, hanyoyin dilution samfurin ruwa sun kasu kashi biyu: hanyar dilution gabaɗaya da hanyar dilution kai tsaye. Hanyar dilution gabaɗaya tana buƙatar mafi girma adadin ruwan dilution ko inoculation dilution ruwa.
Hanyar dilution gabaɗaya ita ce ƙara kusan 500mL na ruwan dilution ko ruwan inoculation dilution ruwa zuwa silinda mai digiri 1L ko 2L, sannan a ƙara wani ƙididdige adadin samfurin ruwa, ƙara ƙarin ruwan dilution ko ruwan inoculation dilution ruwa zuwa cikakken sikelin, kuma amfani da roba a ƙarshen sandar gilashin zagaye yana motsawa sama ko ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ruwa. A ƙarshe, yi amfani da siphon don gabatar da madaidaicin samfurin ruwan da aka gauraye a cikin kwalabe na al'ada, cika shi da ɗan zubar da ruwa, a hankali rufe madaidaicin kwalban, sa'annan a rufe shi da ruwa. Bakin kwalba. Don samfuran ruwa tare da rabon dilution na biyu ko na uku, za a iya amfani da sauran maganin gauraye. Bayan an yi lissafin, za a iya ƙara wani adadin ruwan dilution ko ruwan da aka yi wa allura, a gauraye a shigar da shi cikin kwalbar al'ada kamar yadda ya kamata.
Hanyar dilution kai tsaye ita ce fara gabatar da kusan rabin adadin ruwan dilution ko kuma inoculation dilution ruwa a cikin kwalabe na al'ada da aka sani ta hanyar lanƙwasa, sa'an nan kuma allurar ƙarar samfurin ruwan da ya kamata a saka a kowace kwalban al'ada da aka lissafta bisa ga dilution. factor tare da kwalban bango. , sannan a gabatar da ruwan dilution ko inoculate ruwan dilution a wuyan kwalbar, a hankali rufe abin rufe kwalbar, sannan a rufe bakin kwalbar da ruwa.
Lokacin amfani da hanyar dilution kai tsaye, ya kamata a ba da kulawa ta musamman don kar a gabatar da ruwan dilution ko yin allurar ruwa da sauri a ƙarshen. A lokaci guda, ya zama dole don bincika ƙa'idodin aiki don gabatar da mafi kyawun ƙara don guje wa kurakuran da ke haifar da wuce kima.
Ko da wane irin hanyar da aka yi amfani da shi, lokacin gabatar da samfurin ruwa a cikin kwalban al'ada, aikin dole ne ya kasance mai laushi don kauce wa kumfa, narkar da iska a cikin ruwa ko iskar oxygen ta tsere daga ruwa. A lokaci guda, tabbatar da yin taka tsantsan lokacin cafe kwalbar sosai don guje wa kumfa da suka rage a cikin kwalbar, wanda zai iya shafar sakamakon aunawa. Lokacin da aka yi al'adar kwalabe na al'ada a cikin incubator, ya kamata a duba hatimin ruwa kowace rana kuma a cika shi da ruwa a cikin lokaci don hana ruwa mai rufewa daga ƙafewa da barin iska ta shiga cikin kwalban. Bugu da ƙari, kundin kwalabe biyu na al'ada da aka yi amfani da su kafin da bayan kwanaki 5 dole ne su kasance iri ɗaya don rage kurakurai.
20. Wadanne matsaloli ne ka iya tasowa yayin auna BOD5?
Lokacin da aka auna BOD5 akan kwararar tsarin kula da najasa tare da nitrification, tun da yake ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa na nitrifying, sakamakon ma'aunin ya haɗa da buƙatar iskar oxygen na abubuwan da ke ɗauke da nitrogen kamar ammonia nitrogen. Lokacin da ya zama dole don bambance buƙatar iskar oxygen na abubuwan carbonaceous da buƙatar iskar oxygen na abubuwan nitrogen a cikin samfuran ruwa, ana iya amfani da hanyar ƙara masu hana nitrification zuwa ruwan dilution don kawar da nitrification yayin aiwatar da ƙaddarar BOD5. Misali, ƙara 10mg 2-chloro-6- (trichloromethyl) pyridine ko 10mg propenyl thiourea, da sauransu.
BOD5/CODCr yana kusa da 1 ko ma fiye da 1, wanda sau da yawa yana nuna cewa akwai kuskure a cikin tsarin gwaji. Dole ne a sake duba kowace hanyar haɗin yanar gizo, kuma dole ne a biya kulawa ta musamman don ko an ɗauki samfurin ruwa daidai. Yana iya zama al'ada don BOD5/CODMn ya kasance kusa da 1 ko ma mafi girma fiye da 1, saboda matakin oxidation na sassan kwayoyin halitta a cikin samfurori na ruwa ta potassium permanganate ya fi ƙasa da na potassium dichromate. Ƙimar CODMn na samfurin ruwa ɗaya wani lokaci yana ƙasa da ƙimar CODCR. mai yawa.
Lokacin da akwai wani abu na yau da kullum cewa mafi girma na dilution factor kuma mafi girma da darajar BOD5, dalilin shine yawanci cewa samfurin ruwa ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu hana ci gaba da haifuwa na ƙwayoyin cuta. Lokacin da adadin dilution ya yi ƙasa, adadin abubuwan hanawa da ke ƙunshe a cikin samfurin ruwa ya fi girma, yana sa ba zai yiwu ba ga ƙwayoyin cuta su aiwatar da ingantaccen biodegradation, yana haifar da ƙarancin ma'aunin BOD5. A wannan lokacin, yakamata a gano takamaiman abubuwan da ke haifar da abubuwan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma yakamata a aiwatar da ingantaccen magani don kawar da su ko rufe su kafin auna.
Lokacin da BOD5/CODCr yayi ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar ƙasa da 0.2 ko ma ƙasa da 0.1, idan samfurin ruwan da aka auna shine ruwan sharar masana'antu, yana iya zama saboda kwayoyin halitta a cikin samfurin ruwa yana da ƙarancin biodegradability. Koyaya, idan samfurin ruwan da aka auna ya zama najasar birni ko haɗe da wasu ruwan sharar masana'antu, wanda shine kaso na najasa a cikin gida, ba wai kawai don samfurin ruwan ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu guba ko ƙwayoyin cuta ba, amma mafi yawan dalilai na yau da kullun sune ƙimar pH marasa tsaka tsaki. da kasancewar ragowar chlorine fungicides. Don kauce wa kurakurai, yayin tsarin ma'auni na BOD5, ƙimar pH na samfurin ruwa da ruwan dilution dole ne a daidaita su zuwa 7 da 7.2 bi da bi. Dole ne a gudanar da bincike na yau da kullun akan samfuran ruwa waɗanda zasu iya ƙunsar oxidants kamar ragowar chlorine.
21. Menene alamun da ke nuna abubuwan gina jiki na shuka a cikin ruwan datti?
Abubuwan gina jiki na shuka sun haɗa da nitrogen, phosphorus da sauran abubuwan da ake buƙata don haɓaka tsiro da haɓaka. Matsakaicin abinci mai gina jiki na iya haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawan sinadiran shuka da ke shiga cikin ruwa zai sa algae su yawaita a cikin ruwa, wanda ke haifar da abin da ake kira "eutrophication", wanda zai kara tabarbarewar ingancin ruwa, yana shafar samar da kifi da kuma cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam. Tsananin eutrophication na tabkuna masu zurfi na iya haifar da fadama tafkin da mutuwa.
A lokaci guda, abubuwan gina jiki na shuka sune mahimman abubuwan haɓakawa da haifuwa na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sludge mai kunnawa, kuma sune mahimman abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da aiki na yau da kullun na tsarin jiyya na halitta. Sabili da haka, ana amfani da alamun abinci mai gina jiki a cikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar alamar kulawa a cikin ayyukan kula da najasa na al'ada.
Alamun ingancin ruwa da ke nuni da sinadirai masu gina jiki a cikin najasa sune galibin mahadi na nitrogen (kamar Organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite da nitrate, da sauransu) da mahadi na phosphorus (kamar jimlar phosphorus, phosphate, da sauransu). A cikin ayyukan kula da najasa na al'ada, gabaɗaya suna Kula da nitrogen ammonia da phosphate a cikin ruwa mai shigowa da mai fita. A daya bangaren, shi ne kula da aikin da aka saba yi na maganin halittu, a daya bangaren kuma, shi ne a gano ko gurbataccen ruwan ya cika ka'idojin fitar da kasa.
22.What are the water quality Manuniya na yawan amfani da nitrogen mahadi? Yaya suke da alaƙa?
Alamomin ingancin ruwa da aka saba amfani da su da ke wakiltar mahaɗan nitrogen a cikin ruwa sun haɗa da jimlar nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite da nitrate.
Ammoniya nitrogen shine nitrogen da ke wanzuwa a cikin sigar NH3 da NH4+ a cikin ruwa. Yana da samfurin mataki na farko na bazuwar oxidative na mahadi na nitrogen kuma alama ce ta gurɓataccen ruwa. Ammoniya nitrogen za a iya oxidized zuwa nitrite (bayyana a matsayin NO2-) a karkashin aikin nitrite kwayoyin, kuma nitrite za a iya oxidized zuwa nitrate (bayyana a matsayin NO3-) karkashin aikin nitrate kwayoyin. Hakanan ana iya rage nitrate zuwa nitrite ƙarƙashin aikin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayin da ba shi da iskar oxygen. Lokacin da nitrogen da ke cikin ruwa ya kasance a cikin nau'in nitrate, yana iya nuna cewa abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta mai dauke da nitrogen a cikin ruwa yana da ƙananan ƙananan kuma jikin ruwa ya kai ga tsarkakewa.
Za a iya auna jimlar nitrogen na kwayoyin halitta da nitrogen ammonia ta amfani da hanyar Kjeldahl (GB 11891-89). Abubuwan da ke cikin nitrogen na samfuran ruwa da aka auna ta hanyar Kjeldahl kuma ana kiran su Kjeldahl nitrogen, don haka abin da aka fi sani da Kjeldahl nitrogen shine ammonia nitrogen. da Organic nitrogen. Bayan cire nitrogen ammonia daga samfurin ruwa, ana auna shi ta hanyar Kjeldahl. Ƙimar da aka auna ita ce ta nitrogen. Idan Kjeldahl nitrogen da ammonia nitrogen an auna su daban a cikin samfuran ruwa, bambancin kuma nitrogen na halitta ne. Kjeldahl nitrogen za a iya amfani da a matsayin mai nuna alama ga nitrogen abun ciki na ruwa mai shigowa na najasa jiyya kayan aikin, da kuma za a iya amfani da a matsayin mai nuni ga sarrafa eutrophication na halitta ruwa jikunan kamar koguna, tabkuna da kuma tekuna.
Jimlar nitrogen ita ce jimlar nitrogen ta halitta, nitrogen ammonia, nitrogen nitrite da nitrate nitrogen a cikin ruwa, wanda shine jimlar Kjeldahl nitrogen da jimlar oxide nitrogen. Jimlar nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen da nitrate nitrate duk ana iya auna su ta amfani da spectrophotometry. Don hanyar bincike na nitrogen nitrite, duba GB7493-87, don hanyar bincike na nitrate nitrate, duba GB7480-87, kuma don jimillar hanyar nazarin nitrogen, duba GB 11894--89. Jimlar nitrogen tana wakiltar jimillar mahaɗan nitrogen a cikin ruwa. Yana da mahimmancin alamar kula da gurɓataccen ruwa na yanayi da kuma mahimmancin ma'aunin sarrafawa a cikin tsarin kula da najasa.
23. Menene matakan kariya don auna nitrogen ammonia?
Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su don tantance nitrogen ammonia sune hanyoyin launi, wato Nessler's reagent colorimetric method (GB 7479-87) da kuma hanyar salicylic acid-hypochlorite (GB 7481-87). Ana iya adana samfuran ruwa ta hanyar acidification tare da sulfuric acid mai tattarawa. Hanya ta musamman ita ce a yi amfani da sulfuric acid da aka tattara don daidaita ƙimar pH na samfurin ruwa zuwa tsakanin 1.5 da 2, da adana shi a cikin yanayin 4oC. Matsakaicin adadin gano hanyoyin Nessler reagent colorimetric da hanyar salicylic acid-hypochlorite sune 0.05mg/L da 0.01mg/L (ƙididdiga a cikin N) bi da bi. Lokacin auna samfuran ruwa tare da maida hankali sama da 0.2mg/L Lokacin, ana iya amfani da hanyar volumetric (CJ/T75-1999). Domin samun ingantacciyar sakamako, ko da wane irin hanyar bincike ne aka yi amfani da shi, samfurin ruwa dole ne a rigaya ya rigaya lokacin auna nitrogen ammonia.
Ƙimar pH na samfurori na ruwa yana da tasiri mai girma akan ƙaddarar ammonia. Idan darajar pH ta yi yawa, za a canza wasu mahadi masu ɗauke da nitrogen zuwa ammonia. Idan darajar pH ta yi ƙasa da ƙasa, ɓangaren ammonia zai kasance cikin ruwa yayin dumama da distillation. Don samun sakamako daidai, ya kamata a daidaita samfurin ruwa zuwa tsaka tsaki kafin bincike. Idan samfurin ruwa ya yi yawa acidic ko alkaline, ana iya daidaita ƙimar pH zuwa tsaka tsaki tare da 1mol/L sodium hydroxide bayani ko 1mol/L sulfuric acid bayani. Sa'an nan ƙara phosphate buffer bayani don kula da pH darajar a 7.4, sa'an nan kuma yi distillation. Bayan dumama, ammonia yana ƙafewa daga ruwa a cikin yanayin gas. A wannan lokacin, ana amfani da 0.01 ~ 0.02mol/L dilute sulfuric acid (hanyar phenol-hypochlorite) ko 2% dilute boric acid (hanyar Nessler's reagent) don sha.
Don wasu samfurori na ruwa tare da babban abun ciki na Ca2 +, bayan ƙara phosphate buffer bayani, Ca2 + da PO43- haifar da Ca3 (PO43-) 2 wanda ba zai iya narkewa ba kuma ya saki H + a cikin phosphate, wanda ya rage darajar pH. Babu shakka, sauran ions waɗanda zasu iya yin hazo tare da phosphate kuma na iya shafar ƙimar pH na samfuran ruwa yayin distillation mai zafi. A wasu kalmomi, don irin wannan samfurin ruwa, ko da an daidaita ƙimar pH zuwa tsaka tsaki kuma an ƙara bayani mai buffer phosphate, ƙimar pH zai kasance ƙasa da ƙimar da ake tsammani. Saboda haka, don samfuran ruwa da ba a sani ba, sake auna ƙimar pH bayan distillation. Idan darajar pH ba ta kasance tsakanin 7.2 da 7.6 ba, adadin maganin buffer ya kamata a ƙara. Gabaɗaya, ya kamata a ƙara 10 ml na maganin phosphate buffer ga kowane 250 MG na calcium.
24. Menene ma'aunin ingancin ruwa da ke nuna abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarin phosphorus a cikin ruwa? Yaya suke da alaƙa?
Phosphorus na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake buƙata don haɓakar halittun ruwa. Yawancin phosphorus a cikin ruwa yana samuwa a cikin nau'o'in phosphates daban-daban, kuma kadan yana samuwa a cikin nau'i na mahadi na phosphorus. Phosphates a cikin ruwa za a iya raba kashi biyu: orthophosphate da phosphate condensed. Orthophosphate yana nufin phosphates da ke wanzu a cikin nau'i na PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, da dai sauransu, yayin da phosphate ta ƙunshi pyrophosphate da metaphosphoric acid. Gishiri da polymeric phosphates, irin su P2O74-, P3O105-, HP3O92-, (PO3)63-, da dai sauransu. Organophosphorus mahadi yawanci sun hada da phosphates, phosphites, pyrophosphates, hypophosphites da amine phosphates. Jimlar phosphates da phosphorus Organic ana kiranta jimlar phosphorus kuma shine mahimmin ingancin ingancin ruwa.
Hanyar nazarin jimlar phosphorus (duba GB 11893-89 don takamaiman hanyoyi) ya ƙunshi matakai na asali guda biyu. Mataki na farko shine amfani da oxidants don canza nau'ikan phosphorus daban-daban a cikin samfurin ruwa zuwa phosphates. Mataki na biyu shine a auna orthophosphate, sannan a juya a lissafta duka abubuwan da ke cikin phosphorus. A lokacin ayyukan kula da najasa na yau da kullun, abun ciki na phosphate na najasa yana shiga cikin na'urar jiyya na biochemical da kuma fitar da tanki na sedimentation na biyu dole ne a kula da kuma auna shi. Idan abun ciki na phosphate na ruwa mai shigowa bai isa ba, dole ne a ƙara wani adadin takin phosphate don kari; idan abun ciki na phosphate na tankin tanki na biyu ya zarce ma'aunin fitarwa na matakin farko na 0.5mg/L, dole ne a yi la'akari da matakan cire phosphorus.
25. Menene kariya ga ƙaddarar phosphate?
Hanyar auna phosphate shine cewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic, phosphate da ammonium molybdate suna haifar da phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, wanda aka rage zuwa hadadden blue (wanda ake kira molybdenum blue) ta amfani da wakili mai ragewa stannous chloride ko ascorbic acid. Hanyar CJ/T78-1999), Hakanan zaka iya amfani da man alkaline don samar da hadaddun abubuwa masu launi masu yawa don ma'aunin spectrophotometric kai tsaye.
Samfurori na ruwa da ke dauke da phosphorus ba su da kwanciyar hankali kuma an fi bincika su nan da nan bayan an tattara su. Idan ba za a iya aiwatar da bincike nan da nan ba, ƙara 40 MG na mercury chloride ko 1 ml na sulfuric acid mai ƙarfi a kowace lita na samfurin ruwa don adanawa, sannan adana shi a cikin kwalban gilashin launin ruwan kasa kuma sanya shi a cikin firiji na 4oC. Idan ana amfani da samfurin ruwa kawai don nazarin jimillar phosphorus, ba a buƙatar magani mai adanawa.
Tun da ana iya ƙara phosphate a bangon kwalabe na filastik, ba za a iya amfani da kwalabe na filastik don adana samfuran ruwa ba. Duk kwalaben gilashin da aka yi amfani da su dole ne a wanke su da ruwa mai zafi mai zafi ko diluted nitric acid, sannan a wanke su sau da yawa da ruwa mai tsabta.
26. Menene alamomi daban-daban waɗanda ke nuna abubuwan da ke cikin tataccen kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa?
Ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta a cikin najasa ya haɗa da kwayoyin halitta masu iyo a saman ruwa, kwayoyin da aka dakatar da su a cikin ruwa, kwayoyin halitta da ke nutsewa zuwa kasa da kuma ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa. Abubuwan da ke iyo manyan guda ne ko manyan ɓangarorin ƙazanta waɗanda ke shawagi a saman ruwa kuma suna da ƙarancin ruwa. Al'amarin da aka dakatar shi ne ƙananan ƙazantattun ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar a cikin ruwa. Sedimentable kwayoyin cuta ne da za su iya zama a kasa na ruwa bayan wani lokaci. Kusan duk najasa yana ƙunshe da abubuwan da za a iya cirewa tare da hadadden abun da ke ciki. Sedimentable al'amarin yafi hada da kwayoyin halitta ake kira sludge, da sedimentable kwayoyin yawanci hada na inorganic kwayoyin halitta ake kira residue. Abubuwan da ke iyo suna da wahala gabaɗaya ƙididdige su, amma ana iya auna wasu ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwa da yawa ta amfani da alamomi masu zuwa.
Alamar da ke nuna jimillar ƙaƙƙarfan abun ciki a cikin ruwa shine jimillar daskararru, ko ƙaƙƙarfan duka. Dangane da slubility na daskararru a cikin ruwa, ana iya raba duka daskararru zuwa narkar da daskararru (Dissolved Solid, a takaice a matsayin DS) da kuma daskararrun da aka dakatar (Suspend Solid, a takaice a matsayin SS). Bisa ga ƙayyadaddun kaddarorin daskararru a cikin ruwa, jimlar daskararrun za a iya raba su zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙarfi (VS) da ƙayyadaddun daskararru (FS, wanda kuma ake kira ash). Daga cikin su, narkar da daskararru (DS) da daskararrun daskararru (SS) za a iya ƙara zuwa kashi na narkar da daskararru, narkar da daskararrun da ba su da ƙarfi, daɗaɗɗen daskararru, daskararrun da aka dakatar da su da sauran alamomi.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-28-2023
