43. Menene matakan kiyaye amfani da na'urorin lantarki?
⑴ Darajar pH mai yuwuwar sifili na lantarki na gilashin dole ne ya kasance cikin kewayon mai daidaitawa na madaidaicin acidimeter, kuma ba dole ba ne a yi amfani da shi a cikin hanyoyin da ba na ruwa ba. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da na'urar lantarki a karon farko ko kuma aka sake amfani da ita bayan an bar shi ba tare da amfani da shi ba na dogon lokaci, gilashin gilashin ya kamata a jika shi a cikin ruwa mai tsabta don fiye da sa'o'i 24 don samar da kyakkyawan Layer hydration. Kafin amfani, a hankali bincika ko lantarki yana cikin yanayi mai kyau, gilashin gilashin ya kamata ya zama mara lahani da aibobi, kuma ya kamata a jiƙa na'urar magana ta ciki a cikin ruwan cikawa.
⑵ Idan akwai kumfa a cikin maganin cikawa na ciki, a hankali girgiza wutar lantarki don barin kumfa ya cika, ta yadda za a sami kyakkyawar hulɗa tsakanin na'urar magana ta ciki da kuma maganin. Don guje wa lalacewa ga kwan fitilar gilashi, bayan kurkura da ruwa, za ku iya amfani da takarda mai tacewa don ɗaukar ruwan da aka haɗe da lantarki a hankali, kuma kada ku shafe shi da karfi. Lokacin da aka shigar, kwan fitilar gilashin lantarki ya ɗan fi tsayi fiye da na'urar magana.
⑶Bayan auna samfuran ruwa masu ɗauke da mai ko abubuwan da aka gyara, tsaftace lantarki tare da wanka da ruwa cikin lokaci. Idan an auna wutar lantarki ta gishirin inorganic, jiƙa da lantarki a cikin (1+9) hydrochloric acid. Bayan an narkar da sikelin, a wanke shi sosai da ruwa kuma a sanya shi cikin ruwa mai narkewa don amfani daga baya. Idan tasirin maganin da ke sama bai gamsar ba, zaku iya amfani da acetone ko ether (cikakkiyar ethanol ba za a iya amfani da shi ba) don tsaftace shi, sannan a bi shi bisa ga hanyar da ke sama, sannan a jiƙa na'urar a cikin ruwa mai narkewa cikin dare kafin amfani.
⑷ Idan har yanzu bai yi aiki ba, zaku iya jiƙa shi a cikin maganin tsaftacewa na chromic acid na ƴan mintuna. Chromic acid yana da tasiri wajen cire abubuwan da aka lalata a saman saman gilashin, amma yana da lahani na rashin ruwa. Dole ne a jika kayan lantarki da aka yi da chromic acid a cikin ruwa cikin dare kafin a iya amfani da su don aunawa. A matsayin makoma ta ƙarshe, ana kuma iya jiƙa na'urar a cikin 5% HF bayani na 20 zuwa 30 seconds ko a cikin maganin ammonium hydrogen fluoride (NH4HF2) na minti 1 don matsakaicin maganin lalata. Bayan an jika, sai a wanke shi sosai da ruwa nan da nan, sannan a nutsar da shi cikin ruwa don amfani da shi daga baya. . Bayan irin wannan magani mai tsanani, rayuwar lantarki za ta shafi, don haka waɗannan hanyoyin tsaftacewa guda biyu za a iya amfani da su kawai a matsayin madadin zubarwa.
44. Menene ka'idoji da ka'idoji don amfani da electrode calomel?
⑴ Electrode calomel ya ƙunshi sassa uku: mercury na ƙarfe, mercury chloride (calomel) da gada gishiri na potassium chloride. Abubuwan chloride a cikin lantarki sun fito ne daga maganin potassium chloride. Lokacin da maida hankali na potassium chloride bayani ya kasance akai-akai, ƙarfin lantarki yana dawwama a wani zazzabi, ba tare da la'akari da ƙimar pH na ruwa ba. Maganin potassium chloride a cikin lantarki yana shiga ta gadar gishiri (ceramic sand core), yana haifar da ainihin baturi don gudanarwa.
⑵ Lokacin da ake amfani da shi, dole ne a cire madaidaicin roba na bututun ƙarfe a gefen electrode da hular roba a ƙarshen ƙarshen don maganin gada na gishiri zai iya kula da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bututun ƙarfe na bututun ƙarfe a gefen electrode da hular roba a ƙarshen ƙarshen don maganin gada na gishiri zai iya kula da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bututun ƙarfe na bututun ƙarfe a gefen electrode da hular roba a ƙarshen ƙarshen. da za a auna. Lokacin da ba'a amfani da na'urar, yakamata a sanya madaidaicin robar da hular roba don hana ƙazantar da ruwa. Calomel electrodes da ba a daɗe da amfani da su ya kamata a cika da potassium chloride bayani da kuma sanya a cikin akwatin lantarki domin ajiya.
⑶ Kada a sami kumfa a cikin maganin potassium chloride a cikin lantarki don hana gajeriyar kewayawa; ya kamata a ajiye wasu lu'ulu'u na potassium chloride a cikin maganin don tabbatar da jikewar maganin potassium chloride. Duk da haka, bai kamata a sami lu'ulu'u na potassium chloride da yawa ba, in ba haka ba yana iya toshe hanyar da ake auna maganin, yana haifar da karatun da ba daidai ba. Har ila yau, ya kamata a mai da hankali ga kawar da kumfa a saman calomel electrode ko kuma a wurin hulɗar tsakanin gadar gishiri da ruwa. In ba haka ba, yana iya haifar da da'irar ma'auni ta karye kuma karatun ya zama marar karantawa ko rashin kwanciyar hankali.
⑷Lokacin aunawa, matakin ruwa na maganin potassium chloride a cikin electrode calomel dole ne ya kasance sama da matakin ruwa na maganin da aka auna don hana ruwa da aka auna yaduwa cikin lantarki kuma yana shafar yuwuwar wutar lantarki ta calomel. Yaduwar cikin ciki na chlorides, sulfides, abubuwan hadaddun abubuwa, gishirin azurfa, potassium perchlorate da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa zai shafi yuwuwar lantarki na calomel.
⑸Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya canza sosai, yuwuwar canjin calomel electrode yana da hysteresis, wato yanayin zafi yana canzawa da sauri, yuwuwar wutar lantarki tana canzawa sannu a hankali, kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin yuwuwar wutar lantarki ta kai ga daidaito. Sabili da haka, yi ƙoƙarin kauce wa manyan canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki lokacin aunawa. .
⑹ Kula don hana calomel electrode yumbu yashi core daga toshewa. Kula da hankali na musamman ga tsabtace lokaci bayan auna hanyoyin turbid ko maganin colloidal. Idan akwai maɓalli a saman calomel electrode yumbu yashi core, zaka iya amfani da takarda emery ko ƙara ruwa zuwa dutsen mai don cire shi a hankali.
⑺ akai-akai duba kwanciyar hankali na calomel electrode, da kuma auna yuwuwar gwajin calomel electrode da kuma wani m calomel electrode tare da guda na ciki ruwa a cikin anhydrous ko a cikin ruwa samfurin. Bambanci mai yuwuwa ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da 2mV, in ba haka ba ana buƙatar maye gurbin sabon electrode calomel.
45. Menene matakan kariya don auna zafin jiki?
A halin yanzu, ka'idodin zubar da ruwa na ƙasa ba su da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi game da zafin ruwa, amma zafin ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin kula da ilimin halitta na al'ada kuma dole ne a mai da hankali sosai. Ana buƙatar duka jiyya na motsa jiki da anaerobic don gudanar da su a cikin takamaiman kewayon zafin jiki. Da zarar wannan kewayon ya wuce, zafin jiki ya yi yawa ko kuma ya ragu sosai, wanda zai rage tasirin magani har ma ya haifar da gazawar tsarin gaba daya. Ya kamata a biya kulawa ta musamman ga kula da zafin jiki na ruwan shigar da tsarin kulawa. Da zarar an sami canje-canjen zafin ruwan shigar, ya kamata mu mai da hankali sosai ga canje-canjen zafin ruwa a cikin na'urorin magani na gaba. Idan suna cikin kewayon da za a iya jurewa, ana iya yin watsi da su. In ba haka ba, ya kamata a daidaita zafin ruwan shigar.
GB 13195-91 yana ƙayyadaddun takamaiman hanyoyi don auna zafin ruwa ta amfani da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, zurfin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio ko inversion thermometers. A cikin yanayi na al'ada, lokacin da ake auna zafin ruwa na ɗan lokaci a kowane tsari na tsarin sarrafa ruwan sha da ke wurin, ana iya amfani da ma'aunin thermometer mai cika gilashin mercury gabaɗaya don auna shi. Idan ana buƙatar fitar da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio daga ruwa don karantawa, lokacin daga lokacin da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio ya bar ruwan zuwa lokacin da aka gama karantawa bai kamata ya wuce daƙiƙa 20 ba. Dole ne ma'aunin zafi da sanyio ya kasance yana da ma'aunin ma'auni na aƙalla 0.1oC, kuma ƙarfin zafi ya kamata ya zama ƙanƙanta gwargwadon yuwuwa don sauƙaƙa isa ga daidaito. Hakanan yana buƙatar a daidaita shi akai-akai ta sashen awo da tabbatarwa ta amfani da madaidaicin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio.
Lokacin auna zafin ruwa na ɗan lokaci, binciken ma'aunin zafin jiki na gilashi ko wasu kayan aikin auna zafin jiki yakamata a nutsar da shi cikin ruwan don auna shi na wani ɗan lokaci (yawanci fiye da mintuna 5), sannan karanta bayanan bayan an kai ga daidaito. Yawan zafin jiki gabaɗaya daidai yake zuwa 0.1oC. Matakan sarrafa ruwan shara gabaɗaya suna shigar da kayan auna zafin jiki na kan layi a mashigar ruwa na ƙarshen tankin iska, kuma ma'aunin zafi da sanyio yawanci yana amfani da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio don auna zafin ruwa.
Lokacin aikawa: Nov-02-2023
