1. Menene ainihin halayen jiki masu nuna alamar ruwa?
⑴ Zazzabi: Yanayin zafin jiki na ruwa yana da babban tasiri akan tsarin kula da ruwa. Zazzabi kai tsaye yana rinjayar ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Gabaɗaya, zafin ruwa a masana'antar kula da najasa na birni yana tsakanin ma'aunin Celsius 10 zuwa 25. Yanayin zafin ruwa na masana'antu yana da alaƙa da tsarin samar da ruwan sha.
⑵ Launi: Launi na ruwan sha ya dogara da abun ciki na narkar da abubuwa, daskararru da aka dakatar ko abubuwan colloidal a cikin ruwa. Fresh najasar birni gabaɗaya launin toka ne. Idan yana cikin yanayin anaerobic, launi zai zama duhu da launin ruwan kasa. Launuka na ruwan sharar gida na masana'antu sun bambanta. Ruwan sharar takarda gabaɗaya baƙar fata ne, ruwan hatsin distiller ruwan ƙanƙara ne-rawaya-launin ruwan kasa, kuma ruwan dattin lantarki yana da shuɗi-kore.
⑶ Wari: Kamshin ruwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon gurbacewar ruwa a cikin gida ko dattin masana'antu. Za'a iya ƙayyade adadin adadin ruwan sharar gida kai tsaye ta hanyar jin warin. Sabbin ruwan najasa na birni yana da kamshi. Idan warin ruɓaɓɓen ƙwai ya bayyana, sau da yawa yana nuna cewa ruwan najasa ya kasance anaerobically don samar da iskar hydrogen sulfide. Masu aiki yakamata su bi ƙa'idodin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin aiki.
⑷ Turbidity: Turbidity alama ce da ke bayyana adadin da aka dakatar a cikin ruwan datti. Ana iya gano shi gabaɗaya ta mita turbidity, amma turbidity ba zai iya maye gurbin tattara daskararru kai tsaye ba saboda launi yana tsoma baki tare da gano turbidity.
⑸ Haɓakawa: Ƙarfafawa a cikin ruwa mai tsabta gabaɗaya yana nuna adadin ion inorganic a cikin ruwa, wanda ke da alaƙa da haɗin kai na narkar da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa mai shigowa. Idan conductivity ya tashi sosai, sau da yawa alama ce ta rashin zubar da ruwan sharar masana'antu.
⑹Tsarin kwayoyin halitta: Siffar (SS, DS, da dai sauransu) da kuma tattara daskararru a cikin ruwan datti suna nuna yanayin ruwan datti kuma suna da matukar amfani wajen sarrafa tsarin jiyya.
⑺ Hazo: Ana iya raba najasa a cikin ruwan sharar gida zuwa nau'i hudu: narkar da, colloidal, kyauta da precipitable. Na farko uku ba su da precipitable. Rashin dattin da za a iya tsinkewa gabaɗaya yana wakiltar abubuwan da ke hazo a cikin mintuna 30 ko awa 1.
2. Menene alamomin halayen sinadarai na ruwa mai datti?
Akwai alamomin sinadarai da yawa na ruwan sharar gida, waɗanda za a iya raba su zuwa rukuni huɗu: ① Gabaɗayan alamun ingancin ruwa, kamar ƙimar pH, taurin, alkalinity, ragowar chlorine, anions da cations daban-daban, da sauransu; ② Ma'anar abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta, buƙatun iskar oxygen biochemical BOD5, Buƙatar iskar oxygen CODCR, jimlar buƙatun oxygen TOD da jimlar carbon carbon TOC, da sauransu; ③ Alamomin abubuwan gina jiki na shuka, irin su nitrogen ammonia, nitrogen nitrate, nitrogen nitrite, phosphate, da sauransu; ④ Mai guba abu Manuniya, kamar man fetur, nauyi karafa, cyanides, sulfides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, daban-daban chlorinated Organic mahadi da daban-daban magungunan kashe qwari, da dai sauransu.
A cikin tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa daban-daban, ayyukan bincike da suka dace da halayen ingancin ruwa ya kamata a ƙayyade bisa nau'ikan nau'ikan gurɓatattun abubuwa da yawa a cikin ruwa mai shigowa.
3. Menene manyan alamomin sinadarai waɗanda ke buƙatar tantancewa a masana'antar sarrafa najasa gabaɗaya?
Babban alamomin sinadarai waɗanda ke buƙatar yin nazari a cikin masana'antar sarrafa najasa gabaɗaya sune kamar haka:
⑴ ƙimar pH: Ana iya ƙayyade ƙimar pH ta hanyar auna ma'aunin hydrogen ion a cikin ruwa. Ƙimar pH tana da tasiri mai girma akan maganin ilimin halitta na ruwa mai sharar gida, kuma yanayin nitrification ya fi dacewa da ƙimar pH. Ma'aunin pH na najasa a cikin birni yana tsakanin 6 zuwa 8. Idan ya wuce wannan kewayon, sau da yawa yana nuna cewa ana fitar da ruwa mai yawa na masana'antu. Don ruwan sharar masana'antu wanda ke dauke da abubuwan acidic ko alkaline, ana buƙatar jiyya na tsaka-tsaki kafin shigar da tsarin kula da halittu.
⑵ Alkalinity: Alkalinity na iya nuna ikon buffer acid na ruwa mai datti yayin aikin jiyya. Idan ruwan sharar gida yana da ƙananan alkalinity, zai iya ɗaukar canje-canje a cikin ƙimar pH kuma ya sa ƙimar pH ta kasance mai ƙarfi. Alkalinity yana wakiltar abun ciki na abubuwa a cikin samfurin ruwa wanda ya haɗu da ions hydrogen a cikin acid mai ƙarfi. Ana iya auna girman alkalinity ta yawan adadin acid mai ƙarfi da samfurin ruwa ya cinye yayin aiwatar da titration.
⑶CODCr: CODCR shine adadin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai datti wanda za'a iya yin amfani da shi ta hanyar oxidant potassium dichromate mai karfi, wanda aka auna a cikin mg / L na oxygen.
⑷BOD5: BOD5 shine adadin iskar oxygen da ake buƙata don ɓarkewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai datti, kuma alama ce ta haɓakar haɓakar ruwa.
⑸ Nitrogen: A cikin tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa, sauye-sauye da rarraba abun ciki na nitrogen suna ba da sigogi don tsari. Abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarin nitrogen da nitrogen ammonia a cikin ruwan da ke shigowa na shuke-shuken najasa ya fi girma, yayin da abun da ke cikin nitrate nitrogen da nitrite ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa. Ƙaruwar nitrogen ammonia a cikin tanki na asali na farko yana nuna cewa sludge mai zaman kansa ya zama anaerobic, yayin da karuwar nitrate nitrogen da nitrite nitrogen a cikin tanki na biyu yana nuna cewa nitrification ya faru. Abubuwan da ke cikin nitrogen a cikin najasar gida gabaɗaya 20 zuwa 80 mg/L, wanda nitrogen na halitta ya kasance 8 zuwa 35 mg/L, nitrogen ammonia shine 12 zuwa 50 mg/l, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin nitrate nitrogen da nitrite nitrogen sun yi ƙasa kaɗan. Abubuwan da ke cikin nitrogen Organic, nitrogen ammonia, nitrate nitrate da nitrite nitrogen a cikin ruwan sharar masana'antu sun bambanta daga ruwa zuwa ruwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin nitrogen a cikin wasu ruwan sharar gida na masana'antu ba su da yawa. Lokacin da ake amfani da ilimin halitta, ana buƙatar ƙara takin nitrogen don ƙara abun ciki na nitrogen da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke buƙata. , kuma lokacin da abun ciki na nitrogen a cikin magudanar ruwa ya yi yawa, ana buƙatar maganin denitrification don hana eutrophication a cikin ruwa mai karɓa.
⑹ Phosphorus: Abubuwan da ke cikin phosphorus a cikin najasar halitta gabaɗaya shine 2 zuwa 20 mg/L, wanda sinadarin phosphorus shine 1 zuwa 5 mg/l sannan inorganic phosphorus shine 1 zuwa 15 mg/l. Abubuwan da ke cikin phosphorus a cikin ruwan sharar masana'antu sun bambanta sosai. Wasu ruwan sharar masana'antu suna da ƙarancin abun ciki na phosphorus. Lokacin da ake amfani da ilimin halitta, ana buƙatar ƙara takin phosphate don ƙara abun ciki na phosphorus da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke buƙata. Lokacin da abun ciki na phosphorus a cikin magudanar ruwa ya yi yawa, , kuma ana buƙatar maganin cire phosphorus don hana eutrophication a cikin ruwa mai karɓa.
⑺ Man Fetur: Yawancin man da ke cikin ruwan datti ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana yawo akan ruwan. Man fetur a cikin ruwa mai shigowa zai shafi tasirin oxygenation kuma ya rage ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sludge mai kunnawa. Matsakaicin mai na gauraye najasar da ke shiga tsarin jiyya na halitta bai kamata ya wuce 30 zuwa 50 mg/L ba.
⑻ Karfe masu nauyi: Karafa masu nauyi a cikin ruwan datti galibi suna fitowa ne daga ruwan sharar masana'antu kuma suna da guba sosai. Matakan kula da najasa yawanci ba su da ingantattun hanyoyin magani. Yawancin lokaci ana buƙatar a yi musu magani a wurin a cikin taron bitar don biyan ka'idodin fitarwa na ƙasa kafin shigar da magudanar ruwa. Idan ma'aunin ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin magudanar ruwa daga masana'antar kula da najasa ya karu, sau da yawa yana nuna cewa akwai matsala tare da pretreatment.
⑼ Sulfide: Lokacin da sulfide na cikin ruwa ya wuce 0.5mg/L, zai kasance da wari mai banƙyama na ruɓaɓɓen qwai kuma yana da lalacewa, wani lokacin ma yana haifar da guba na hydrogen sulfide.
⑽Sauran chlorine: Lokacin amfani da chlorine don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, don tabbatar da haifuwa na ƙwayoyin cuta yayin aikin sufuri, ragowar chlorine a cikin magudanar ruwa (ciki har da ragowar chlorine kyauta da ragowar chlorine) shine mai nuna kulawar tsarin disinfection, wanda gabaɗaya yayi. bai wuce 0.3mg/L ba.
4. Menene alamomin halayen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ruwan sha?
Alamomin halitta na ruwan datti sun haɗa da jimlar adadin ƙwayoyin cuta, adadin ƙwayoyin cuta na coliform, ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban da ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauransu. Ma'auni na zubar da ruwa na ƙasa da suka dace sun tsara wannan. Matakan sarrafa najasa gabaɗaya ba sa ganowa da sarrafa alamomin halitta a cikin ruwan da ke shigowa, amma ana buƙatar kashe ƙwayoyin cuta kafin a fitar da najasar da aka yi da ita don sarrafa gurɓatar ruwan da ake samu ta hanyar najasa. Idan an ƙara yin magani da sake amfani da magudanar kwayoyin halitta na biyu, ya fi zama dole a kashe shi kafin sake amfani da shi.
⑴ Jimlar adadin ƙwayoyin cuta: Ana iya amfani da jimlar adadin ƙwayoyin cuta azaman mai nuna alama don kimanta tsabtar ingancin ruwa da tantance tasirin tsarkakewar ruwa. Ƙara yawan adadin ƙwayoyin cuta yana nuna cewa tasirin ruwa ba shi da kyau, amma ba zai iya nuna cutar da jikin mutum kai tsaye ba. Dole ne a haɗa shi tare da adadin fecal coliforms don sanin yadda ingancin ruwa yake da lafiya ga jikin mutum.
⑵Yawan coliforms: Yawan coliforms a cikin ruwa na iya nuna a kaikaice yiwuwar ruwan yana dauke da kwayoyin cuta na hanji (kamar typhoid, dysentery, kwalara, da sauransu), don haka ya zama alamar tsafta don tabbatar da lafiyar ɗan adam. Lokacin da aka sake amfani da najasa a matsayin ruwa daban-daban ko kuma ruwa mai faɗi, yana iya haɗuwa da jikin ɗan adam. A wannan lokacin, dole ne a gano adadin fecal coliforms.
⑶ Dabbobi daban-daban na ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta: Ana iya kamuwa da cututtuka da yawa ta hanyar ruwa. Misali, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da ciwon hanta, cutar shan inna da sauran cututtuka suna wanzuwa a cikin hanjin ɗan adam, suna shiga cikin najasa na cikin gida ta cikin najasar majiyyaci, sannan a fitar da su cikin injin sarrafa najasa. . Tsarin maganin najasa yana da iyakacin ikon cire waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta. Lokacin da aka fitar da najasar da aka yi wa magani, idan ƙimar amfani da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi yana da buƙatu na musamman don waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, ana buƙatar lalatawa da gwaji.
5. Menene alamun gama gari waɗanda ke nuna abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa?
Bayan kwayoyin halitta sun shiga cikin ruwa, zai zama oxidized kuma ya lalace a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙwayoyin cuta, a hankali yana rage narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa. Lokacin da iskar oxygen ta ci gaba da sauri kuma jikin ruwa ba zai iya ɗaukar isasshen iskar oxygen daga sararin samaniya a cikin lokaci don sake cika iskar oxygen da aka cinye ba, iskar oxygen da ke cikin ruwa na iya raguwa sosai (kamar ƙasa da 3 ~ 4mg / L), wanda zai shafi ruwa. kwayoyin halitta. ake buƙata don haɓakar al'ada. Lokacin da narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa ya ƙare, kwayoyin halitta suna fara narkewar anaerobic, suna haifar da wari kuma suna shafar tsabtace muhalli.
Tunda kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin najasa sau da yawa wani hadadden hadadden hadaddun abubuwa ne masu yawa, yana da wuya a tantance kimar adadin kowane bangare daya bayan daya. A haƙiƙa, ana amfani da wasu ƙayyadaddun alamomi don wakiltar abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa a kaikaice. Akwai cikakkun alamomi guda biyu masu nuna abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa. Ɗayan alama ce da aka bayyana a cikin buƙatar iskar oxygen (O2) daidai da adadin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa, kamar buƙatar oxygen na biochemical (BOD), buƙatar oxygen na sinadarai (COD), da jimlar bukatar oxygen (TOD). ; Sauran nau'in shine alamar da aka bayyana a cikin carbon (C), kamar jimlar carbon carbon TOC. Don irin najasar datti, ƙimar waɗannan alamomi gabaɗaya sun bambanta. Tsarin ƙimar lambobi shine TOD>CODCr>BOD5>TOC
6. Menene jimlar kwayoyin carbon?
Total Organic carbon TOC (taƙaice ga Total Organic Carbon a Turanci) cikakkiyar alama ce wacce ke bayyana abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa a kaikaice. Bayanan da yake nunawa shine jimillar abubuwan da ke cikin carbon na kwayoyin halitta a cikin najasa, kuma an bayyana naúrar a cikin mg/L na carbon (C). . Ka'idar aunawa TOC ita ce ta farko acidify samfurin ruwa, amfani da nitrogen don busa carbonate a cikin samfurin ruwa don kawar da tsangwama, sannan allurar wani adadin ruwa a cikin iskar oxygen tare da sanannen abun ciki na oxygen, sannan a aika shi cikin. bututun ƙarfe na platinum. Ana ƙone shi a cikin bututun konewa na quartz a matsayin mai haɓakawa a yanayin zafi mai zafi na 900oC zuwa 950oC. Ana amfani da na'urar nazarin iskar gas mara tarwatsawa don auna adadin CO2 da aka samar yayin aikin konewa, sannan ana ƙididdige abubuwan da ke cikin carbon, wanda shine jimillar carbon carbon TOC (don cikakkun bayanai, duba GB13193-91). Lokacin aunawa yana ɗaukar mintuna kaɗan kawai.
TOC na najasar gari gabaɗaya na iya kaiwa 200mg/L. TOC na ruwan sharar masana'antu yana da kewayo mai faɗi, tare da mafi girman kai dubun duban MG/L. TOC na najasa bayan maganin ilimin halitta gabaɗaya<50mg> 7. Menene jimillar bukatar iskar oxygen?
Jimlar buƙatun iskar oxygen TOD (taƙaice don Jimlar Oxygen Buƙatar a Turanci) yana nufin adadin iskar oxygen da ake buƙata lokacin da ake kona abubuwa (mafi yawan kwayoyin halitta) a cikin ruwa a yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi kuma sun zama barga oxides. Ana auna sakamakon a cikin mg/L. Ƙimar TOD na iya nuna iskar oxygen da ake cinyewa lokacin da kusan dukkanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa (ciki har da carbon C, hydrogen H, oxygen O, nitrogen N, phosphorus P, sulfur S, da dai sauransu) ya ƙone cikin CO2, H2O, NOx, SO2, da sauransu yawa. Ana iya ganin cewa ƙimar TOD gabaɗaya ta fi ƙimar CODCR. A halin yanzu, TOD ba a haɗa shi cikin ma'aunin ingancin ruwa a cikin ƙasata ba, amma ana amfani da shi ne kawai a cikin bincike na ka'idar kan kula da najasa.
Ka'idar auna TOD ita ce allurar wani nau'in samfurin ruwa a cikin iskar oxygen tare da sanannen abun ciki na oxygen, sannan a aika shi cikin bututun konewa na quartz tare da karfe platinum a matsayin mai kara kuzari, kuma a ƙone shi nan take a yanayin zafi na 900oC. Halin kwayoyin halitta a cikin samfurin ruwa Wato, yana da oxidized kuma yana cinye iskar oxygen a cikin iskar oxygen. Asalin adadin iskar oxygen a cikin kwararar iskar oxygen ban da sauran iskar oxygen shine jimillar bukatar iskar oxygen TOD. Ana iya auna adadin iskar oxygen a cikin iskar oxygen ta amfani da lantarki, don haka ma'aunin TOD yana ɗaukar 'yan mintuna kaɗan kawai.
8. Menene bukatar oxygen biochemical?
Cikakken sunan buƙatun iskar oxygen biochemical shine buƙatar iskar oxygen biochemical, wanda shine Buƙatar Oxygen Biochemical a cikin Ingilishi kuma an rage shi azaman BOD. Yana nufin cewa a yanayin zafi na 20oC kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin iska, ana cinye shi a cikin tsarin iskar oxygenation na biochemical na ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa. Adadin narkar da iskar oxygen shine adadin iskar oxygen da ake buƙata don daidaita kwayoyin halitta masu lalacewa a cikin ruwa. Naúrar shine mg/L. BOD ba kawai ya haɗa da adadin iskar oxygen da girma, haifuwa ko numfashi na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa ba, har ma ya haɗa da adadin iskar oxygen da ake cinyewa ta hanyar rage abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su ba kamar sulfide da ƙarfe na ƙarfe, amma yawancin wannan sashi yana yawanci. kadan kadan. Don haka, girman ƙimar BOD, mafi girman abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa.
A karkashin yanayin iska, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna rarraba kwayoyin halitta zuwa matakai biyu: matakin oxygenation na kwayoyin halitta mai dauke da carbon da matakin nitrification na kwayoyin halitta mai dauke da nitrogen. A karkashin yanayin yanayi na 20oC, lokacin da ake buƙata don kwayoyin halitta don oxidize zuwa matakin nitrification, wato, don cimma cikakkiyar bazuwa da kwanciyar hankali, ya fi kwanaki 100. Koyaya, a zahiri, iskar oxygen biochemical yana buƙatar BOD20 na kwanaki 20 a 20oC kusan yana wakiltar cikakkiyar buƙatar iskar oxygen na biochemical. A cikin aikace-aikacen samarwa, kwanaki 20 har yanzu ana la'akari da tsayi da yawa, kuma buƙatar iskar oxygen ta biochemical (BOD5) na kwanaki 5 a 20 ° C ana amfani dashi gabaɗaya azaman mai nuna alama don auna abubuwan da ke cikin najasa. Kwarewa ta nuna cewa BOD5 na najasa na cikin gida da najasar samarwa daban-daban shine kusan 70 ~ 80% na cikakkiyar buƙatun iskar oxygen na BOD20.
BOD5 shine muhimmin ma'auni don ƙayyade nauyin kayan aikin najasa. Ana iya amfani da ƙimar BOD5 don ƙididdige adadin iskar oxygen da ake buƙata don iskar oxygen da kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai datti. Ana iya kiran adadin iskar oxygen da ake buƙata don daidaitawar kwayoyin halitta mai ɗauke da carbon carbon BOD5. Idan an ƙara oxidized, halayen nitrification na iya faruwa. Adadin iskar oxygen da ake buƙata ta hanyar nitrifying kwayoyin cuta don canza ammoniya nitrogen zuwa nitrate nitrate da nitrite nitrogen ana iya kiran shi nitrification. BOD5. Babban tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa na sakandare na iya cire carbon BOD5 kawai, amma ba nitrification BOD5 ba. Tun da babu makawa halayen nitrification na faruwa a lokacin tsarin jiyya na ilimin halitta na cire carbon BOD5, ƙimar da aka auna na BOD5 ya fi ainihin amfani da iskar oxygen na kwayoyin halitta.
Ma'aunin BOD yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, kuma ma'aunin BOD5 da aka saba amfani dashi yana buƙatar kwanaki 5. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da shi gabaɗaya don kimanta tasirin tsari da sarrafa tsari na dogon lokaci. Don takamaiman wurin kula da najasa, ana iya kafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin BOD5 da CODCr, kuma ana iya amfani da CODCr don ƙididdige ƙimar BOD5 don jagorantar daidaita tsarin jiyya.
9. Menene bukatar oxygen sinadari?
Bukatar iskar oxygen na sinadari a cikin Ingilishi shine Buƙatar Oxygen Chemical. Yana nufin adadin oxidant cinye ta hanyar hulɗar da ke tsakanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa da kuma masu karfi masu karfi (kamar potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, da dai sauransu) a karkashin wasu yanayi, ya canza zuwa oxygen. cikin mg/l.
Lokacin da aka yi amfani da potassium dichromate a matsayin oxidant, kusan dukkanin (90% ~ 95%) na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa na iya zama oxidized. Adadin oxidant da ake cinyewa a wannan lokacin da aka canza zuwa oxygen shine abin da ake kira buƙatar oxygen sinadarai, sau da yawa ana rage shi da CODCR (duba GB 11914-89 don takamaiman hanyoyin bincike). Ƙimar CODCr na najasa ba kawai ya haɗa da amfani da iskar oxygen don iskar oxygen na kusan dukkanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa ba, har ma ya haɗa da amfani da iskar oxygen don rage yawan abubuwan da ba su da lafiya kamar nitrite, salts ferrous, da sulfides a cikin ruwa.
10. Menene ma'anar potassium permanganate (amfani da iskar oxygen)?
Bukatar iskar oxygen da aka auna ta amfani da potassium permanganate kamar yadda ake kira oxidant index potassium permanganate (duba GB 11892-89 don takamaiman hanyoyin bincike) ko amfani da iskar oxygen, raguwar Ingilishi shine CODMn ko OC, kuma sashin shine mg / L.
Tun da ikon oxidizing na potassium permanganate ya fi rauni fiye da na potassium dichromate, takamaiman ƙimar CODMn na ma'aunin potassium permanganate na samfurin ruwa guda ɗaya ya fi ƙasa da ƙimar CODCR, wato, CODMn na iya wakiltar kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta kawai. wanda ke da sauƙin oxidized a cikin ruwa. abun ciki. Sabili da haka, ƙasata, Turai da Amurka da sauran ƙasashe da yawa suna amfani da CODCR a matsayin cikakkiyar alama don sarrafa gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta, kuma kawai amfani da ma'aunin potassium permanganate CODMn a matsayin mai nuna alama don kimantawa da saka idanu kan abubuwan da ke cikin jikin ruwa. kamar ruwan teku, koguna, tafkuna da sauransu ko ruwan sha.
Tun da potassium permanganate ba shi da wani tasiri mai tasiri akan kwayoyin halitta irin su benzene, cellulose, Organic acid, da amino acid, yayin da potassium dichromate zai iya oxidize kusan dukkanin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta, ana amfani da CODCr don nuna matakin gurɓataccen ruwa da kuma sarrafa shi. maganin najasa. Ma'auni na tsari sun fi dacewa. Duk da haka, saboda ƙaddarar CODMn na potassium permanganate index yana da sauƙi kuma mai sauri, CODMn har yanzu ana amfani da shi don nuna girman ƙazanta, wato, adadin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai tsabta mai tsabta, lokacin da ake kimanta ingancin ruwa.
11. Ta yaya za a tantance iyawar datti na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin BOD5 da CODCR na ruwan sharar gida?
Lokacin da ruwan ya ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta masu guba, ƙimar BOD5 a cikin ruwan sharar gida gabaɗaya ba za a iya auna daidai ba. Ƙimar CODCr na iya ƙara daidai auna abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa, amma ƙimar CODCr ba zai iya bambanta tsakanin abubuwan da ba za a iya lalata su ba da kuma wadanda ba za su iya rayuwa ba. Mutane sun saba da auna BOD5/CODCr na najasa don yin hukunci akan rashin lafiyar sa. An yi imani da cewa idan BOD5/CODCr na najasa ya fi 0.3, ana iya bi da shi ta biodegradation. Idan BOD5/CODCr na najasa ya kasance ƙasa da 0.2, ana iya la'akari da shi kawai. Yi amfani da wasu hanyoyi don magance shi.
12. Menene dangantakar dake tsakanin BOD5 da CODCR?
Bukatar iskar oxygen ta biochemical (BOD5) tana wakiltar adadin iskar oxygen da ake buƙata yayin ruɓewar ƙwayoyin gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta a cikin najasa. Yana iya bayyana matsalar kai tsaye a ma'anar sinadarai. Sabili da haka, BOD5 ba kawai mai mahimmancin ingancin ruwa ba ne, amma har ma da alamar ilimin halitta na najasa. Mahimmin ma'aunin sarrafawa mai mahimmanci yayin sarrafawa. Koyaya, BOD5 shima yana ƙarƙashin wasu iyakoki a amfani. Na farko, lokacin ma'auni yana da tsawo (kwanaki 5), wanda ba zai iya yin tunani da jagorantar aikin kayan aikin najasa a cikin lokaci ba. Na biyu, wasu najasar da ake samarwa ba su da yanayin haɓakar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da haifuwa (kamar kasancewar kwayoyin halitta masu guba). ), Ba za a iya tantance ƙimar ta BOD5 ba.
Bukatar iskar oxygen ta CODCr tana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin kusan dukkanin kwayoyin halitta da rage kwayoyin halitta a cikin najasa, amma ba zai iya bayyana matsalar kai tsaye a cikin ma'anar sinadarai kamar biochemical oxygen bukatar BOD5. A wasu kalmomi, gwada buƙatar oxygen sinadarai CODCR ƙimar najasa zai iya ƙayyade daidaitattun abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa, amma buƙatar iskar oxygen ɗin CODCr ba zai iya bambanta tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da ba za su iya rayuwa ba.
Bukatar iskar oxygen ɗin sinadarai ƙimar CODCR gabaɗaya ya fi buƙatun iskar oxygen ɗin biochemical da ake buƙata BOD5, kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin su na iya yin nuni da kusan abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin najasar da ƙwayoyin cuta ba za su iya lalata su ba. Don najasa tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwan ƙazanta, CODCR da BOD5 gabaɗaya suna da ƙayyadaddun dangantaka kuma ana iya ƙididdige su daga juna. Bugu da ƙari, ma'aunin CODCR yana ɗaukar lokaci kaɗan. Dangane da daidaitattun hanyar reflux na ƙasa na sa'o'i 2, yana ɗaukar awanni 3 zuwa 4 kawai daga samfurin zuwa sakamakon, yayin da auna ƙimar BOD5 yana ɗaukar kwanaki 5. Sabili da haka, a cikin ainihin aikin kula da najasa da kulawa, ana amfani da CODCR sau da yawa azaman mai nuna alama.
Domin jagorantar ayyukan samarwa da sauri, wasu tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa sun kuma tsara ƙa'idodin kamfanoni don auna CODCR a cikin reflux na mintuna 5. Kodayake sakamakon da aka auna yana da wani kuskure tare da daidaitattun hanyar ƙasa, saboda kuskuren kuskuren tsari ne, sakamakon ci gaba da saka idanu na iya nuna daidaitaccen ingancin ruwa. Za'a iya rage ainihin canjin yanayin tsarin kula da najasa zuwa ƙasa da sa'a 1, wanda ke ba da garantin lokaci don daidaita daidaitattun sigogin aikin najasa da kuma hana canje-canje kwatsam a cikin ingancin ruwa daga tasirin tsarin kula da najasa. A wasu kalmomi, an inganta ingancin datti daga na'urar kula da najasa. Rate
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-14-2023
