Ingancin ruwa: Ƙayyade turbidity (GB 13200-1991)" yana nufin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa TS EN ISO 7027-1984 "Ingantacciyar ruwa - Ƙaddara turbidity". Wannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun hanyoyi guda biyu don tantance turbidity a cikin ruwa. Kashi na farko shine spectrophotometry, wanda ya dace da ruwan sha, ruwa na halitta da kuma ruwan turbidity mai girma, tare da ƙarancin gano turbidity na digiri 3. Kashi na biyu shine turbidimetry na gani, wanda ya dace da ƙarancin ruwa kamar ruwan sha da ruwa mai tushe, tare da ƙarancin gano turbidity na digiri 1. Kada a sami tarkace da barbashi mai sauƙin nutsewa a cikin ruwa. Idan kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su ba su da tsabta, ko kuma akwai kumfa mai narkewa da abubuwa masu launi a cikin ruwa, zai tsoma baki tare da ƙaddara. A yanayin da ya dace, hydrazine sulfate da hexamethylenetetramine polymerize don samar da wani nau'i mai launin fari mai launin fata, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman bayani mai mahimmanci na turbidity kuma idan aka kwatanta da turbidity na samfurin ruwa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi.
Turbidity yawanci ana amfani da shi ne don tantance ruwa na halitta, ruwan sha da wasu ingancin ruwan masana'antu. Ya kamata a gwada samfurin ruwan da za a gwada don turbidity da wuri-wuri, ko kuma a sanyaya shi a 4 ° C kuma a gwada a cikin sa'o'i 24. Kafin gwaji, samfurin ruwa dole ne a girgiza da ƙarfi kuma a mayar da shi zuwa zafin jiki.
Kasancewar kwayoyin da aka dakatar da kuma colloid a cikin ruwa, irin su laka, silt, kwayoyin halitta masu kyau, kwayoyin halitta, plankton, da dai sauransu, na iya sa ruwa ya zama turbid kuma ya gabatar da wani turbidity. A cikin nazarin ingancin ruwa, an ƙayyade cewa turbidity da aka kafa ta 1mg SiO2 a cikin 1L na ruwa shine daidaitaccen nau'in turbidity, wanda ake kira 1 digiri. Gabaɗaya, mafi girma turbidity, mafi turbid da mafita.
Domin ruwan yana ƙunshe da ɓangarorin da aka rataye da kuma kolloidal, ruwan da ba shi da launi a asali kuma ya zama turɓaya. Matsayin turbidity ana kiransa turbidity. An bayyana sashin turbidity a cikin "digiri", wanda yayi daidai da 1L na ruwa mai dauke da 1mg. SiO2 (ko wanda ba mai lankwasa mg kaolin, diatomaceous ƙasa), matakin turbidity da aka samar shine 1 digiri, ko Jackson. Ƙungiyar turbidity ita ce JTU, 1JTU=1mg/L kaolin dakatar. Rashin turbidity da kayan aikin zamani ke nunawa shine rukunin turbidity na NTU, wanda kuma aka sani da TU. 1NTU=1JTU. Kwanan nan, an yi imani a duniya cewa ma'aunin turbidity wanda aka shirya tare da hexamethylenetetramine-hydrazine sulfate yana da kyakkyawan haɓaka kuma an zaɓi shi azaman daidaitaccen daidaitaccen FTU na ƙasashe daban-daban. 1FTU=1JTU. Turbidity wani tasiri ne na gani, wanda shine matakin toshe haske lokacin da yake wucewa ta cikin ruwa, yana nuna ikon da ruwa ya watsar da haske. Ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da abun ciki na abubuwan da aka dakatar ba, amma har ma da abun da ke ciki, girman barbashi, siffa da ma'anar ƙazanta a cikin ruwa. Sarrafa turbidity wani muhimmin bangare ne na kula da ruwa na masana'antu da kuma muhimmiyar alamar ingancin ruwa. Dangane da amfani da ruwa daban-daban, akwai buƙatu daban-daban don turbidity. Ruwan ruwan sha ba zai wuce 1NTU ba; ana buƙatar turbidity na ƙarin ruwa don kewaya ruwan sanyaya ruwa ana buƙatar digiri 2-5; turbidity na ruwa mai shiga (raw ruwa) don desalted ruwa magani ya kamata a kasa da 3 digiri; turbidity na ruwa da ake bukata don kera na wucin gadi zaruruwa ne kasa da 0.3 digiri. Tunda ɓangarorin da aka dakatar da colloidal waɗanda ke zama turbidity gabaɗaya sun tsaya tsayin daka kuma galibi suna ɗaukar caji mara kyau, ba za su daidaita ba tare da maganin sinadarai ba. A cikin maganin ruwa na masana'antu, coagulation, bayani da tacewa ana amfani dasu don rage turbidity na ruwa.
Wani abu da za a ƙara shi ne, yayin da ƙa'idodin fasaha na ƙasata suka yi daidai da ƙa'idodin duniya, manufar "turbidity" da naúrar "digiri" ba a amfani da su a cikin masana'antar ruwa. Madadin haka, ana amfani da manufar “Turbidity” da rukunin “NTU/FNU/FTU” maimakon.
Turbidimetric ko tarwatsa hanyar haske
Ana iya auna turbidity ta hanyar turbidimetry ko hanyar haske mai warwatse. Ƙasata gabaɗaya tana amfani da turbidimetry don auna turbidity. Ana kwatanta samfurin ruwa tare da daidaitaccen bayani na turbidity wanda aka shirya tare da kaolin. Turbidity ba shi da girma, kuma an kayyade cewa lita daya na ruwa mai narkewa ya ƙunshi MG 1 na silicon dioxide a matsayin ɗayan turbidity guda ɗaya. Ma'aunin ma'aunin turbidity da aka samu ta hanyoyin auna daban-daban ko ma'auni daban-daban ba lallai ba ne su yi daidai. Matsayin turɓaya gabaɗaya ba zai iya nuna girman gurɓataccen ruwa kai tsaye ba, amma haɓakar turɓatsin da ke haifar da najasar ɗan adam da na masana'antu yana nuna cewa ingancin ruwa ya lalace.
1. Hanyar launi. Colorimetry yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su don auna turbidity. Yana amfani da launi mai launi ko spectrophotometer don ƙayyade turbidity ta kwatanta bambancin sha tsakanin samfurin da daidaitaccen bayani. Wannan hanya ta dace da ƙananan samfuran turbidity (gaba ɗaya ƙasa da 100 NTU).
2. Hanyar watsawa. Hanyar watsawa hanya ce ta tantance turɓaya ta hanyar auna ƙarfin tarwatsa haske daga barbashi. Hanyoyin watsawa na yau da kullum sun haɗa da hanyar watsawa kai tsaye da kuma hanyar rarraba kai tsaye. Hanyar watsawa kai tsaye tana amfani da kayan aikin watsawa mai haske ko mai watsawa don auna tsananin hasken da aka watsar. Hanyar watsawa ta kai tsaye tana amfani da alaƙar da ke tsakanin hasken da aka watsar da shi ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma shayarwa don samun darajar turbidity ta hanyar aunawa.
Hakanan ana iya auna turbidity tare da mitar turbidity. Mitar turbidity tana fitar da haske, ta wuce ta wani sashe na samfurin, kuma ta gano nawa hasken da barbashi ke warwatse a cikin ruwa daga alkibla 90° zuwa hasken abin da ya faru. Ana kiran wannan hanyar auna haske mai tarwatsewa. Duk wani turbidity na gaskiya dole ne a auna ta wannan hanyar.
Muhimmancin gano turbidity:
1. A cikin tsarin kula da ruwa, aunawa turbidity zai iya taimakawa wajen ƙayyade tasirin tsarkakewa. Alal misali, a lokacin coagulation da sedimentation tsari, turbidity canje-canje iya nuna samuwar da kuma cire flocs. A lokacin aikin tacewa, turbidity na iya kimanta ingancin cirewar abubuwan tacewa.
2. Sarrafa tsarin kula da ruwa. Aunawa turbidity na iya gano canje-canje a cikin ingancin ruwa a kowane lokaci, taimakawa daidaita ma'auni na tsarin kula da ruwa, da kuma kula da ingancin ruwa a cikin kewayon da ya dace.
3. Yi hasashen canjin ingancin ruwa. Ta hanyar ci gaba da gano turɓaya, ana iya gano yanayin sauye-sauyen ingancin ruwa cikin lokaci, kuma ana iya ɗaukar matakai a gaba don hana lalacewar ingancin ruwa.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-18-2024
