Ma'anar Turbidity

Turbidity wani tasiri ne na gani wanda ke haifar da hulɗar haske tare da dakatarwar barbashi a cikin bayani, mafi yawan ruwa. Abubuwan da aka dakatar, irin su laka, yumbu, algae, kwayoyin halitta, da sauran kwayoyin halitta, suna watsa hasken da ke wucewa ta cikin samfurin ruwa. Rarraba haske ta hanyar da aka dakatar da su a cikin wannan maganin ruwa na ruwa yana haifar da turbaya, wanda ke nuna matakin da haske ya hana lokacin wucewa ta cikin ruwa. Turbidity ba fihirisa ba ne kai tsaye don siffata tattarawar barbashi da aka dakatar a cikin ruwa. A kaikaice yana nuna ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar da su ta hanyar bayanin tasirin tasirin hasken da aka dakatar a cikin bayani. Mafi girman ƙarfin da aka watsar da haske, mafi girma da turbidity na ruwa bayani .
Hanyar Kayyade Turbidity
Turbidity magana ne na kayan gani na samfurin ruwa kuma yana haifar da kasancewar abubuwan da ba za su iya narkewa a cikin ruwa ba, wanda ke haifar da haske don watsawa da sha maimakon wucewa ta cikin samfurin ruwa a madaidaiciya. Alamar alama ce da ke nuna halayen zahiri na ruwa na halitta da ruwan sha. Ana amfani da shi don nuna ma'aunin tsabta ko turɓayar ruwa, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman alamomi don auna ingancin ingancin ruwa.
Turbidity na ruwa na halitta yana faruwa ta hanyar kyawawan abubuwan da aka dakatar da su kamar silt, yumbu, kwayoyin halitta masu kyau da kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta masu launi, da plankton da sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa. Wadannan abubuwan da aka dakatar suna iya yada kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka ƙananan turbidity yana taimakawa wajen lalata ruwa don kashe kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ya zama dole don tabbatar da amincin samar da ruwa. Sabili da haka, samar da ruwa na tsakiya tare da cikakkiyar yanayin fasaha ya kamata yayi ƙoƙari don samar da ruwa tare da ƙananan turbidity kamar yadda zai yiwu. Rashin turbidity na ruwa na masana'anta yana da ƙasa, wanda ke da amfani don rage wari da dandano na ruwan chlorinated; yana taimakawa wajen hana haifuwar ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta. Kula da ƙarancin turbidity a ko'ina cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa yana jin daɗin kasancewar adadin adadin chlorine da ya dace.
Ya kamata a bayyana turbidity na ruwan famfo a watsar da turbidity na NTU, wanda bai kamata ya wuce 3NTU ba, kuma kada ya wuce 5NTU a cikin yanayi na musamman. Har ila yau, turbidity na ruwa mai tsari yana da mahimmanci. Tsire-tsire masu sha, tsire-tsire masu sarrafa abinci, da tsire-tsire masu kula da ruwa waɗanda ke amfani da ruwan saman gabaɗaya suna dogara ga coagulation, lalatawa, da tacewa don tabbatar da samfur mai gamsarwa.
Yana da wuya a sami dangantaka tsakanin turbidity da taro taro na dakatar da al'amarin, saboda girman, siffar, da refractive index na barbashi kuma rinjayar Tantancewar Properties na dakatar. Lokacin auna turbidity, duk gilashin gilashin da ke hulɗa da samfurin ya kamata a kiyaye su a cikin yanayi mai tsabta. Bayan tsaftacewa da hydrochloric acid ko surfactant, kurkura da ruwa mai tsabta kuma a magudana. An dauki samfurori a cikin gilashin gilashi tare da masu tsayawa. Bayan yin samfur, wasu barbashi da aka dakatar na iya yin hazo kuma su yi coagulation lokacin da aka sanya su, kuma ba za a iya dawo dasu bayan tsufa ba, kuma ƙwayoyin cuta na iya lalata kaddarorin daskararrun, don haka yakamata a auna shi da wuri-wuri. Idan ajiya ya zama dole, ya kamata ya guje wa hulɗa da iska, kuma ya kamata a sanya shi a cikin dakin duhu mai sanyi, amma ba fiye da 24h ba. Idan an adana samfurin a wuri mai sanyi, koma zuwa zafin jiki kafin auna.
A halin yanzu, ana amfani da hanyoyi masu zuwa don auna turbidity na ruwa:
(1) Nau'in watsawa (ciki har da spectrophotometer da hanyar gani): Bisa ga ka'idar Lambert-Beer, an ƙayyade turbidity na samfurin ruwa ta hanyar ƙarfin hasken da aka watsa, da kuma mummunan logarithm na turbidity na samfurin ruwa da haske. watsawa yana cikin hanyar haɗin kai tsaye, mafi girma da turbidity, ƙananan watsawar haske. Duk da haka, saboda tsoma bakin rawaya a cikin ruwa na halitta, ruwan tafkuna da tafki suma sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu ɗaukar haske na halitta kamar algae, wanda kuma ya hana aunawa. Zaɓi tsawon zangon rim 680 don guje wa tsangwama rawaya da kore.
(2) Turbidimeter mai watsawa: Kamar yadda tsarin Rayleigh (Rayleigh) ya nuna (Ir/Io=KD, h shine tsananin hasken da aka watsar, 10 shine tsananin hasken dan Adam), auna tsananin hasken da ya watse a wani kusurwa don cimma nasara. Ƙaddamar da samfurori na ruwa manufar turbidity. Lokacin da hasken da ya faru ya tarwatse ta hanyar barbashi tare da girman barbashi na 1/15 zuwa 1/20 na tsawon zangon hasken abin da ya faru, ƙarfin ya dace da dabarar Rayleigh, da barbashi tare da girman barbashi mafi girma fiye da 1/2 na tsawon zangon. Hasken abin da ya faru yana haskaka haske. Ir∝D za a iya wakilta waɗannan yanayi guda biyu, kuma hasken a kusurwar digiri 90 ana amfani dashi gabaɗaya azaman siffar haske don auna turbidity.
(3) Scattering-transmission turbidity meter: Yi amfani da Ir/It=KD ko Ir/(Ir+It)=KD haskaka haske Kuma, don auna turbidity na samfurin. Domin ana auna ƙarfin watsawa da tarwatsewar haske a lokaci guda, yana da mafi girman hankali ƙarƙashin ƙarfin hasken abin da ya faru.
Daga cikin hanyoyi guda uku da ke sama, turbidimeter mai watsawa-watsawa ya fi kyau, tare da babban hankali, kuma chromaticity a cikin samfurin ruwa ba ya tsoma baki tare da ma'auni. Duk da haka, saboda ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki da farashi mai yawa, yana da wuyar haɓakawa da amfani da shi a cikin G. Hanya na gani yana tasiri sosai ta hanyar tunani. G A zahiri, auna turbidity galibi yana amfani da mitar turbidity mai watsawa. Turbidity na ruwa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar barbashi irin su laka a cikin ruwa, kuma tsananin hasken da ya tarwatse ya fi na haske da aka ɗauka. Sabili da haka, mita mai watsawa yana da hankali fiye da mita turbidity na watsawa. Kuma saboda nau'in turbidimeter mai watsawa yana amfani da farin haske a matsayin tushen haske, ma'aunin samfurin ya fi kusa da gaskiya, amma chromaticity yana tsoma baki tare da ma'auni.
Ana auna turbidity ta hanyar auna haske mai tarwatse. Dangane da ma'aunin ISO 7027-1984, ana iya amfani da mitar turbidity wanda ya dace da buƙatun masu zuwa:
(1) Tsawon tsayin λ na hasken abin da ya faru shine 860nm;
(2) Lamarin da ya faru △λ ya gaza ko daidai da 60nm;
(3) Hasken abin da ya faru daidaici ba ya bambanta, kuma duk wani mayar da hankali baya wuce 1.5 °;
(4) Ma'aunin ma'auni θ tsakanin ma'auni na gani na hasken abin da ya faru da kuma hasken haske na hasken da aka watsar shine 90 ± 25 °
(5) Wurin buɗewa ωθ a cikin ruwa shine 20 ° ~ 30 °.
da bayar da rahoton sakamako a cikin rukunan turbidity na formazin
① Lokacin da turbidity kasa da 1 formazin watsar da turbidity naúrar, shi ne daidai ga 0.01 formazin watsar da turbidity naúrar;
②Lokacin da turbidity ya kasance 1-10 formazin watsawa raka'a turbidity, shi ne daidai ga 0.1 formazin watsawa raka'a;
③ Lokacin da turbidity ne 10-100 formazin watsar da turbidity raka'a, shi ne daidai ga 1 formazin watsar da turbidity naúrar;
④ Lokacin da turbidity ya fi girma ko daidai da 100 formazin watsar da raka'a turbidity, zai zama daidai ga 10 formazin watsawa raka'a turbidity.
1.3.1 Ya kamata a yi amfani da ruwan da ba shi da turbidity don ƙa'idodin dilution ko samfuran ruwa mai narkewa. Hanyar shiri na ruwan da ba shi da turbidity shine kamar haka: wuce ruwa mai narkewa ta hanyar tacewa ta membrane tare da girman pore na 0.2 μm (maɓallin tacewa da aka yi amfani da shi don bincikar ƙwayoyin cuta ba zai iya cika buƙatun ba), kurkura flask don tattarawa tare da tace ruwa aƙalla. Sau biyu, kuma zubar da 200 ml na gaba. Manufar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta shine don rage tasirin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ion-musanya ruwa mai tsabta a kan ƙaddara, da kuma rage ci gaban kwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa mai tsabta.
1.3.2 Hydrazine sulfate da hexamethylenetetramine za a iya sanya su a cikin silica gel desiccator na dare kafin auna.
1.3.3 Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya kasance a cikin kewayon 12-37 ° C, babu wani tasiri mai tasiri a kan samar da (formazin) turbidity, kuma babu polymer da aka kafa lokacin da zafin jiki ya kasa 5 ° C. Saboda haka, shirye-shiryen formazin turbidity misali stock bayani za a iya yi a al'ada dakin zafin jiki. Amma yawan zafin jiki yana da ƙasa, dakatarwa yana ɗaukar sauƙi ta hanyar gilashin gilashi, kuma zafin jiki ya yi yawa, wanda zai iya haifar da daidaitattun darajar babban turbidity. Saboda haka, da samuwar zafin jiki na formazin ne mafi kyau sarrafawa a 25 ± 3 ° C. Lokacin amsawar hydrazine sulfate da hexamethylenetetramine an kusan kammala shi a cikin sa'o'i 16, kuma turbidity na samfurin ya kai matsakaicin bayan sa'o'i 24 na amsawa, kuma babu bambanci tsakanin sa'o'i 24 da 96. da
1.3.4 Don samuwar formazin, lokacin da pH na maganin ruwa ya kasance 5.3-5.4, sassan suna da siffar zobe, mai kyau da uniform; lokacin da pH ke kusan 6.0, ɓangarorin suna da kyau kuma suna da yawa a cikin nau'ikan furanni da flocs; Lokacin da pH ya kai 6.6, manyan, matsakaita da ƙananan ƙwayoyin dusar ƙanƙara suna samuwa.
1.3.5 Za'a iya adana daidaitaccen bayani tare da turbidity na digiri 400 na wata daya (ko da rabin shekara a cikin firiji), kuma daidaitaccen bayani tare da turbidity na digiri 5-100 ba zai canza ba a cikin mako guda.